<p>The Laguna Pueblo  is federally recognized Native American tribe of the Pueblo people in west-central New Mexico, USA. The name, Laguna, is Spanish  and derives from the lake located on their reservation. Originally, this body of water was the only lake in what is now the state of New Mexico, and was formed by an ancient dam that was constructed by the Laguna people.</p><br>
<p>The population of the tribe exceeds 7,000 enrolled members, making it the largest Keresan-speaking tribe. After the Pueblo Revolt of 1680-1696, the Mission San José de la Laguna was erected by the Spanish at the old pueblo (now Old Laguna), and finished around July 4, 1699.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The people of Laguna have a long history of residing in and farming along the Rio San José in west-central New Mexico. Laguna history begins long before the advent of written records in the Southwest. It is a common misconception that the Pueblo of Laguna began in 1699, at the time of the construction of the Mission. However, research of 1,449 archaeological sites and an anthropological analysis of the Laguna oral history have firmly proven that people have inhabited the area ranging from 6500 B.C. to the present.</p><br>
<p>Lagunas value intellectual activity and education, so a scholarship program has led to many well educated Lagunas. Uranium mining on Pueblo of Laguna land has contributed to this scholarship program as well as to skilled labor learning among Laguna members. Lagunas and other Pueblos enjoy baseball. Like many Pueblos, the Laguna people are skilled in pottery.</p><br>
<p>Laguna Construction Company, a construction company owned by the Pueblo of Laguna, is one of the largest USA contractors in Iraq, with reconstruction contracts worth more than $300 million since 2004. In addition to its headquarters at the pueblo, Laguna Industries, Inc. maintains offices in Albuquerque, New Mexico; San Antonio and Houston, Texas; Baghdad, Iraq, and Amman, Jordan. In 2007, Laguna Construction employed 75 people, most of whom belong to the pueblo.</p><br>
<p>The Acoma Pueblo and Pueblo of Laguna have many ties, including location, language and a shared high school.</p><br>
<p>The Pueblo of Laguna has a well-established Tribal Law system. The Pueblo of Laguna has participated as a "Weed and Seed" tribe. This Department of Justice program studied the enforcement of law and effectiveness of social programs on Native American lands.</p><br>
<p>Their reservation lies in parts of four counties: In descending order of included land area they are Cibola, Sandoval, Valencia and Bernalillo Counties. It includes the six villages of Encinal, Laguna, Mesita, Paguate, Paraje and Seama, and had a total population of 3,815 persons as of the 2000 census. The reservation is 45 mi west of the city of Albuquerque. The reservation consists of approximately 500,000 acres.</p><br>
<p>The Irish surname Riley was adopted by many members of the Laguna tribe in the 1800s, for legal use in European-American culture, while they retained their Laguna names for tribal use.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<h3>Rio San Jose</h3><br>
<p>The Laguna Pueblo (and the Acoma Pueblo) lie in the river basin of the Rio San Jose. The laguna or lake was historically much larger than the present time and hosted waterfowl of many kinds, including ducks, geese and swans. The Rio San Jose flows into the Rio Puerco near the southeast corner of the Laguna Reservation.</p><br>
<h3>Communities</h3><br>
<p>Encinal</p><br>
<p>Laguna</p><br>
<p>Mesita</p><br>
<p>Paguate</p><br>
<p>Paraje</p><br>
<p>Seama</p><br>
<p>Casa Blanca, New Mexico</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Primary and middle school education is provided by the Laguna Department of Education, which also operates Early Childhood program and adult education programs. The high school is shared with nearby Acoma Pueblo.</p><br>
<h2>Language</h2><br>
<p>Lagunas traditionally speak the Western variety of Keresan.</p><br>
<h2>Laguna Development Corporation</h2><br>
<p>The Laguna Development Corporation; founded in 1998, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Pueblo of Laguna. Laguna Development is a federally chartered tribal corporation formed under Section 17 of the 1934 Indian Reorganization Act.</p><br>
<p>The company develops and operates the tribe&#39;s retail-based outlets, including two travel centers, a supermarket, a convenience store, an RV park, an arcade, a Superette and three casinos on the Pueblo of Laguna reservation that spans Cibola County, Bernalillo, Valencia and Sandoval counties.</p><br>
<p>Several Laguna Pueblo businesses are along tourist and truck route corridors that attract New Mexico tourists, long- and short-haul truck drivers, and residents of nearby Albuquerque. Other Laguna Development businesses provide basic services to local tribal communities.</p><br>
<h2>Laguna Pueblo members</h2><br>
<p>Frank Hudson (1875–1950), football player, coach</p><br>
<p>Michael Kanteena, potter</p><br>
<p>Lee Marmon, photographer</p><br>
<p>Leslie Marmon Silko, author</p><br>
<p>Paula Gunn Allen (1939-2008), author, novelist, and scholar</p><br>
<p>Sea Island is an island in the Fraser River estuary in the city of Richmond, British Columbia. It is located south of the city of Vancouver and north and west of Lulu Island. Sea Island is the home to Vancouver International Airport , a nature conservation area and a permanent resident population of approximately 736 living in the neighbourhood of Burkeville. A small part of the island is under the administration of the Musqueam Indian Band.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The island was traditionally home to the Musqueam Indian Band, and they retain ownership over a tract of land on the islands north-west under the administrative title "Sea Island Indian Reserve #3". Construction of residential neighborhoods on the island began during World War II. Under the authority of the Wartime Housing Authority, the Boeing Company built a 300 home subdivision to house its workers on Sea Island. This neighborhood on the islands east side became known as Burkeville, and remains a residential neighbourhood to this day.</p><br>
<p>A second neighbourhood, known as the Cora Brown subdivision, was constructed in 1946 on the north side of the island, originally with 50 houses. Although it grew to the point of requiring the construction of the island&#39;s second elementary school in 1962, airport expansion led to the community being disbanded in 1978. No trace of this neighborhood remains.</p><br>
<h2>Vancouver International Airport</h2><br>
<p>The airport first opened for service on Sea Island in 1931, and began servicing commercial flights in 1937. The airport received relatively light traffic for the next fifty years until extensive growth in international traffic, primarily between the United States and Asia, necessitated expansion of service. With investments from the airlines, the Canadian government and a surcharge on tickets for improvement costs, the airport began a significant overhaul in the 1990s.</p><br>
<p>The airport is the second largest in Canada, with over 19 million passengers passing through each year. It has grown to three passenger terminals and three main runways servicing over fifty airlines.</p><br>
<h2>Ground transportation</h2><br>
<p>Grant McConachie Way is the primary east-west artery leading to the main airport terminal, while a significant amount of commuter traffic from Vancouver to Richmond crosses Sea Island north-south via Russ Baker Way. Sea Island is connected to Vancouver to the north via the Arthur Laing Bridge, and to Richmond via the No. 2 Road Bridge, Dinsmore Bridge, Moray Bridge and the Sea Island Bridge. Sea Island is also served by three stations on the Canada Line, part of the SkyTrain rapid transit network, which connects the airport to Downtown Vancouver and Downtown Richmond.</p><br>
<h2>Sea Island Conservation Area</h2><br>
<p>The Sea Island Conservation Area (SICA) is located adjacent to Vancouver International Airport (YVR) and consists of approximately 140.1 hectares (1.4 square kilometers) of land on the north side of Sea Island dedicated for conservation of wildlife and habitat. SICA was transferred to Environment Canada as a compensation package funded by Transport Canada to replace wildlife habitat lost as a result of runway expansion at Vancouver International Airport (YVR). The main goal for management of SICA is to maintain existing populations of wildlife that do not compromise aviation safety.</p><br>
<p>Habitats on SICA consist of woodland, wetland sloughs, and old agricultural field habitat which support a diversity of birds, land mammals, and terrestrial plants. SICA habitat management discourages populations of flocking birds that may pose hazards to aviation safety, as well as discourages populations of beavers that can cause prevalent, severe and costly damage to habitat.</p><br>
<h2>Sturgeon Bank Wildlife Management Area</h2><br>
<p>Over 50 square kilometres in area, Sturgeon Bank is a marine preserve located off the west side of the island and is made up of intertidal and subtidal waters. Boating is prohibited in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Beaches and parks</h2><br>
<p>Sea Island boasts two public beaches, McDonald Beach Park and Iona Beach Regional Park.</p><br>
<p>McDonald Beach is operated by the city of Richmond. It is a recreational facility, with a dogs off-leash area, picnic areas and boat docking available.</p><br>
<p>Iona Beach is operated by the Greater Vancouver Regional District, with a focus on wildlife protection, beaches, information on the flora and fauna, as well as a walking trail that culminates in a 4 kilometer jetty out into the Sturgeon Bank. (See also: Iona Island, British Columbia.)</p><br>
<h2>Other services</h2><br>
<p>The islands south shore features a Canadian Coast Guard station, as well as floatplane docks, a business jet terminal and Vancouver Airports South Terminal. Sea Island is also home to the Aerospace and Aviation Technology faculty of the British Columbia Institute of Technology as well as two hotels run by the Fairmont and Delta chains. There is a luxury designer outlet mall that opened in July 2015, as a joint venture between Vancouver International Airport and the McArthurGlen Group</p><br>
<p>The Burkeville neighborhood is served by the Sea Island School, built in 1891, serving grades Kindergarten to Grade Three, after which point students must commute to Lulu Island in Richmond.</p><br>
<p>Boneyard Creek is a 3.3 mi waterway that drains much of the cities of Champaign and Urbana, Illinois. It is a tributary of the Saline Branch of the Salt Fork Vermilion River, which is a tributary of the south-flowing Vermilion River and the Wabash River. The creek flows through the northern sections of the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The newsletter of the university&#39;s ACM chapter is Banks of the Boneyard, named after the creek.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In pre-settlement times, the Boneyard, like most of the other watercourses of Champaign County, Illinois, was probably a series of connected wetlands without a clearly defined channel. With settlement, the drainage was "improved". Today the Boneyard is a highly channelized stream, running in a slit trench, with steel sheet pilings along much of its length.</p><br>
<p>There are several stories about the origin of the name "Boneyard". One is that the local Indians hung their dead over the stream, allowing the bones to fall into the creek, so that the creek was full of human bones when the first American settlers arrived. This could be an example of excarnation, which many Native American peoples indeed practiced. One problem with this story is that there have been no confirmed findings of human bones in excavations along the streams. In University of Illinois lore, the name "Boneyard" comes from the remains of poor students who couldnt hack it in the schools tough engineering curriculum.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, Professor Karl B. Lohmann, Professor of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning at the University of Illinois, and Urbana Parks Commissioner, publicly advocated improving the Boneyard Creek. There are two articles in the Champaign News Gazette quoting Professor Lohmann with photographs of the Boneyard.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the environmental movement in the late 1960s the Boneyard was an open sewer, with floating solids and a foul stench. During the 1970s many sources of pollution were removed, and water quality gradually improved.</p><br>
<p>The Urbana-Champaign Sanitary District sewage outfall is located on the Saline Branch, just downstream from where the Boneyard enters that stream. Late in the 1970s, sewage chlorination, required by environmental regulations, was identified as a major negative factor for aquatic life. Although disinfection theoretically reduced the chances of hypothetical bathers contracting disease downstream of a sewage outfall, chlorination also killed most aquatic life for miles downstream. Late in the 1980s, the Sanitary District was allowed to discontinue chlorination. Fish soon returned to the Boneyard, after the chlorine block was removed from the Saline Branch. The fish, however, live a tenuous life on the Boneyard, which has frequently seen major fish kills as a result of spills and other accidents in the urbanized area.</p><br>
<p>One branch of the Boneyard extends into South Neil Street, where it meets the headwaters of the Embarrass and Kaskaskia rivers. During the 1920s, the Illinois Central Railroad tracks were elevated in this area, to allow traffic to pass under the tracks. The rail embankment cut off the South Neil branch of the Boneyard, creating "Lake Neil" after a moderate rain event. This flooding would subside over several hours as the water flowed under the rail embankment through tiles.</p><br>
<p>The City of Champaign, in cooperation with the University of Illinois, has set up a master plan for improving the creek&#39;s watershed.</p><br>
<p>During the 1980s, "Lake Neil" was eliminated by placing larger tiles under the rail embankment. This, however, had the effect of creating flooding on the other side of the tracks, near Fourth and Green, where the branches of the Boneyard joined. In wet years, flooding caused damage estimated to be as much as $1000 per year.</p><br>
<p>During the late 1990s, the City of Champaign resolved to eliminate the flooding near Fourth Street and Green Street. After considerable debate, the city built an enormous detention basin upstream of Fourth and Green streets, at a cost of approximately $22 million. The basin is designed to fill when the Boneyard approaches flood stage, preventing flooding at Fourth and Green streets up to a 100-year flood.</p><br>
<h2>Coordinates</h2><br>
<p>*{{coord|40.112|N|88.236|W|region:US-IL_type:river|name=Scott Park}} - Scott Park, Champaign</p><br>
<p>*{{coord|40.111|N|88.227|W|region:US-IL_type:river|name=Engineering Campus}} - UIUC Engineering campus, Urbana</p><br>
<p>*{{coord|40.113|N|88.215|W|region:US-IL_type:river|name=Patterson Parklet}} - Patterson Parklet, Urbana</p><br>
<h2>Boneyard Greenway</h2><br>
<p>The https://www.google.com/maps/@40.1114212,-88.2354293,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1sAF1QipPTGK2Ri08Py-CEpoxM1t3N2ovLCsLbubg0m-14!2e10!3e12!6shttps:%2F%2Flh5.googleusercontent.com%2Fp%2FAF1QipPTGK2Ri08Py-CEpoxM1t3N2ovLCsLbubg0m-14%3Dw86-h97-k-no!7i1920!8i2172 Boneyard Greenway is a pedestrian and bike path that runs along the length of the Boneyard Creek from S 1st St to S 6th St. This path is used primarily by UIUC students, faculty, and local residents to navigate campus away from the busy sidewalks and streets of the main roads.</p><br>
<p>Rand Tower is a 26-story high rise in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA that was one of the city&#39;s tallest structures when it was completed in 1929. It was designed by Holabird & Root for Rufus R. Rand, a World War I aviator who was part of the family that owned the Minneapolis Gas Company , now part of CenterPoint Energy. Rand had flown in the Lafayette Flying Corps during the war. Much of the building is covered in Art Deco ornamentation that follows an aviation theme, and there is a sculpture Wings in the lobby by Oskar J. W. Hansen. Hansen is perhaps best known for his sculptures at Hoover Dam in the Southwestern United States.</p><br>
<p>The structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1994. It was known for a time as the Dain Tower, until Dain Rauscher relocated to the Dain Rauscher Plaza just down the street in 1992. The building has been undergoing renovations since Gaughan Companies purchased it in 2004. In 2008, Hempel Properties purchased the Rand Tower to house its headquarters and for the general market. The building is located at 527 Marquette Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Half Moon Bay is a bay and neighbourhood on Port Phillip, south east of Melbourne. Located in the suburb of Black Rock, it is home to the Black Rock Yacht Club, the and the. This bay also gets a mention in the Cat Empire song, "The Wine Song". Half Moon Bay is also home to HMVS Cerberus, the last surviving monitor warship in the world, which acts as a breakwater. Half Moon Bay has a lifesaving club and a pier and has the Red Bluff Cliffs just along the beach. The cliffs were briefly featured in the movie "Mad Max" as well as the 90s children&#39;s television series "Round The Twist". Half Moon Bay also has aquatic life which makes good snorkelling.</p><br>
<p>It features many coastal processes.</p><br>
<p>The first Black Rock Post Office opened here on 23 April 1902, was renamed Half Moon Bay in 1922 and closed in 1968.</p><br>
<p>Gil Island is an island on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada, located on the west side of Whale Channel in the entrance to Douglas Channel, one of the main coastal inlets, on the route of the Inside Passage between Pitt Island and Princess Royal Island. It is 26 km  long, with a width ranging from 6 to 13 km , and an area of 231 km² . The only named summit on the mountainous island is Mount Gil, which faces the opening of Douglas Channel.</p><br>
<h2>Name origin</h2><br>
<p>"Named in 1792 by Lieutenant Commander Jacinto Caamaño of the Spanish corvette Aranzazu, while searching along the coast under orders from the viceroy of Mexico for the mythical &#39;Rio de Reyes&#39;. This strait or river, supposed to connect the Pacific with the Atlantic, was claimed to have been discovered in 1640 by Admiral Pedro Bartolome de Fonti, in command of a fleet of 4 vessels, his flagship being named the Holy Ghost (Greenhow&#39;s Oregon, 1844, p.84.) The ensign-bearer of the San Martin, flagship of the Duke of Medina Sidonia in the Spanish Armada, was named Juan Gil. (Laughton, The Spanish Armada, Navy Records, II, p.355.) Caamaño sailed from Nootka 13 June 1792, steered northwards, and after examining Port Bucareli (Alaska) anchored in Dixon Entrance, probably under Rose Spit, on the 20 July. He then coasted southward along the continental shore, passing through Principe Channel into Nepean and Whale Sounds and out again near Surf Inlet and thence southward through Laredo Channel. In making the examination along this coastline for Fonti&#39;s strait, Caamaño bestowed several names, among others being the channels he passed through, and Campania Island, Campania Sound, and Aristazabal Island, all of which Vancouver adopted on his chart. Caamaño arrived at Nootka from his cruise 7 September 1972...."</p><br>
<h2>Indian reserves</h2><br>
<p>Indian reserves on the island are under the jurisdiction of the Hartley Bay Indian Band, and are:</p><br>
<p>*Kunhunoan Indian Reserve No. 13, on Small Bay on the west side of the island, at , 2.30 ha. (5.7 acres).</p><br>
<p>*Maple Point Indian Reserve No. 11 at the point of the same name , 50.20 ha. (124.0 acres).</p><br>
<p>*Turtle Point Indian Reserve No. 12, at the point of the same name, which is Gil Island&#39;s northernmost tip, 51.80 ha. (128.0 acres).</p><br>
<h2>Wreck of the ''Queen of the North''</h2><br>
<p>The M/V Queen of the North was a Canadian RORO ferry operated by BC Ferries, which sank on March 22, 2006 after hitting Gil Island on a southbound voyage during the night. All but two passengers were rescued by the people of Hartley Bay, which is nearby.</p><br>
<p>Guy Park, also known as Guy Park State Historic Site, is a house built in 1774 in the Georgian architectural style for Guy Johnson, the Irish-born nephew and son-in-law to Sir William Johnson, 1st Baronet, the British Superintendent for Indian Affairs in colonial New York. Built of limestone, the house was originally situated on a square mile of land on the north side of the Mohawk River and near it for access to water transportation.</p><br>
<h2>Guy Johnson</h2><br>
<p>Born in Ireland, Guy Johnson emigrated to New York as a young man, moving to the Mohawk Valley where his uncle had his base. Johnson married Mary (also known as Polly), one of the senior Johnson&#39;s daughters with his first common-law wife, Catherine Weisenberg. In 1773 the senior Johnson gave his nephew and daughter a square mile of land near the Mohawk River as a wedding present. They built their first house there but it burned the next year after being struck by lightning.</p><br>
<p>Guy Johnson commissioned a limestone house in the Georgian architectural style, which was built in 1774. After his uncle William Johnson died in 1774, Guy was appointed by the Crown to succeed him as British Superintendent for Indian Affairs. His priority was to keep the powerful Iroquois nations on the side of the British in the face of increasing colonial tensions. As a Loyalist Johnson risked imprisonment, because of the hostility of local settlers who favored independence in the coming American Revolutionary War.</p><br>
<p>He gathered allies and friends and left the area in 1775 for Canada, abandoning his mansion. His wife Polly died in Oswego, New York during the journey. From 1776-1778 Johnson lived in British-occupied New York City. By 1779, he had established headquarters in Niagara, Ontario, from where he directed military forces against the rebels in the Mohawk Valley. After the war, he returned to London, where he died in 1788.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The house was built in 1774 of limestone in the Georgian architectural style. It is two stories tall.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1779 the new governments of the United States and New York declared as traitors those Loyalists who had gone to Canada, and the state confiscated their properties. The state sold Guy Park to a private owner. A steady flow of migrants moved along the road in the plain by the Mohawk River as part of the European-American settlement of former Iroquois lands. At this time, the state and speculators were selling millions of acres of land to the west; thousands of migrants from New England crossed the state seeking such lands; some veterans were awarded grants of land in lieu of pay.</p><br>
<p>Guy Park was used for years in the early nineteenth century as a tavern and stagecoach stop, as it was on the Mohawk Turnpike next to the river, the two main transportation routes across the state. The Erie Canal was completed in 1825, and a lock is located near the house. Later, the house was sold and served again as a private residence for many years.</p><br>
<p>In 1907 the mansion was purchased by the state for preservation as a historic site. In the early 21st century, it was adapted for use as a local history museum, the Walter Elwood Museum. Elwood, a history teacher, began collecting in the 1930s. The museum has featured exhibits from his large collection of local artifacts, ranging from historic objects crafted by the Mohawk and other Iroquois tribes of New York, to items related to the development and history of the Erie Canal, the local carpet industry, and the city of Amsterdam.</p><br>
<p>In August 2011, shortly after being occupied by the museum, the house was severely damaged by flooding of the Mohawk River in the aftermath of Hurricane Irene. Half of two floors were destroyed and contents soaked and scattered. The state has struggled to stabilize the building. The museum has moved to a new location.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>GuyPark - Entrance.jpg</p><br>
<p>GuyPark - Front.jpg</p><br>
<p>The historic Old Patent Office Building in Washington, D.C. covers an entire city block defined by F and G Streets and 7th and 9th Streets NW in Chinatown. It served as one of the earliest United States Patent Office buildings.</p><br>
<p>After undergoing extensive renovations, the building reopened on July 1, 2006 and was renamed The Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture in honor of a gift from the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation. The building houses two Smithsonian Institution museums: the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Designed in the Greek Revival style by architect Robert Mills, construction started in 1836, and the massive structure took 31 years to complete. United States patent law required inventors to submit scale models of their inventions, which were retained by the Patent Office and required housing. Once home to many early government department, including the first exhibits of the Smithsonian, today the structure houses two museums of the Smithsonian Institution, the Smithsonian American Art Museum and the National Portrait Gallery.</p><br>
<p>In Pierre (Peter) Charles LEnfants plan for the capital city, the site of the Patent Office Building, halfway between the Capitol and the Presidents House, was set aside for a monumental structure. LEnfant envisaged a nondenominational "church of the Republic", which he later modified to a Pantheon devoted to great Americans. Mill&#39;s described the proportions of the Greek Revival central portico as "exactly those of the Parthenon of Athens", a departure in Washington, where previously ambitious public buildings had been based on Roman and Renaissance precedents. Fireproofing the design was an essential concern: Mills spanned the interior spaces with masonry vaulting without the use of wooden beams. Skylights and interior light courts filled the spaces with daylight.</p><br>
<p>After years of political infighting, in which Congressional committees questioned Mills competence and insisted on design changes that inserted unnecessary supporting columns and tie-rods, Mills was summarily dismissed in 1851. Construction continued under the direction of Thomas U. Walter, one of Mills harshest critics and was completed in 1865. The building&#39;s west wing suffered a fire in 1877, destroying some 87,000 patent models; it was restored by Adolf Cluss, 1877–1885, in the style he termed "modern Renaissance". See Patent Office 1877 fire.</p><br>
<p>From 1854 to 1857, Clara Barton worked in the building as a clerk to the Patent Commissioner, the first woman federal employee to receive equal pay. During the Civil War, the building was turned into military barracks, hospital, and morgue. Wounded soldiers lay on cots in second-floor galleries, among glass cases holding models of inventions that had been submitted with patent applications. The American poet Walt Whitman frequented "that noblest of Washington buildings" and read to wounded men. The building was chosen as the venue for Lincoln&#39;s Second Inaugural Ball in 1865. Whitman worked in Bureau of Indian Affairs, located in the building, from January 24 to June 30, 1865, before being fired for having a copy of Leaves of Grass in his desk.</p><br>
<p>In the 20th century, the building was occupied by the Patent Office until 1932; it then housed the Civil Service Commission. A street-widening sliced away the monumental stairs to its south portico. In 1953, legislation was introduced to demolish the building for a parking lot; but President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed legislation giving it to the Smithsonian in 1958 (Public Law 85-357, 72 Stat. 68). This was an important victory for the historic preservation movement in the United States.</p><br>
<p>The Faulkner, Kingsbury & Stenhouse firm of architects supervised the renovation of the interior as museum space starting in 1964.</p><br>
<p>In 1965, the building was designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>The National Museum of American Art (now the Smithsonian American Art Museum) and the National Portrait Gallery opened in January 1968. The north wing housed the art museum and the south wing housed the portrait gallery. Office space and a cafe occupied the east wing. The center courtyard had outdoor eating space for the cafe and several large trees.</p><br>
<h3>2000-2007 renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1995, the Smithsonian revealed the Old Patent Office Building was in serious disrepair. The roof leaked, netting had to be placed in some galleries to catch falling ceiling plaster, window frames were rotting, the floor tiles in the Great Hall were crumbling, and the exterior facade was so degraded it was shedding fist-sized pieces of rock. The Smithsonian announced the building would close in January 2000 for a two-year, $42 million renovation. Hartman-Cox Architects was hired to oversee the conservation and repair. The cost of the renovation was pegged at $110 million to $120 million.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the buildings closure in January 2000, a decision was reached to allot about one-third of the buildings total space to the National Portrait Gallery while simultaneously eliminating the informal north-south division between the NPG and American Art Museum. This led to acrimony between the two museums, and a public debate about which collection deserved more space. The Smithsonian resolved the dispute practically: Art that best fit an exhibition space got it. (For example, since modern art often tends toward large canvases, this art is on the high-ceilinged third floor.)</p><br>
<p>By March 2001, the cost of the Old Patent Office renovation rose to $180 million. That month, Nan Tucker McEvoy (a California newspaper heiress and arts patron) donated $10 million for the renovation. The Henry Luce Foundation gave another $10 million later that year. Costs continued to rise, however. Although Congress appropriated $33.5 million for the renovation, the reconstruction costs were estimated at $214 million in June 2001 and the museum not scheduled to reopen until 2005. Just a month later, the reopening was pushed back even further to July 2006.</p><br>
<p>In 2003, the government&#39;s contribution to the renovation rose to $166 million, and more than $40 million in private funds had been raised. Smithsonian officials subsequently began discussing a major change to the renovation design: Adding a glass roof to the open courtyard in the center of the Old Patent Office Building. Congress approved the change in August 2003. In March 2004, the Smithsonian announced that Foster and Partners, would design the glass canopy. In November, Robert Kogod (a real estate development executive) and his wife, Arlene (heir to Charles E. Smith Construction fortune) donated $25 million to complete the canopy. By then, costs had risen to $298 million. $60 million in private funds still needed to be raised.</p><br>
<p>In early November 2004, the National Capital Planning Commission (NCPC; which has statutory authority to approve all buildings and renovations in the D.C. metropolitan area) approved the preliminary design for the glass canopy. Delays in obtaining final NCPC approval and construction materials for the canopy led to a major delay in the roof&#39;s installation. The Smithsonian said in April 2005 that the canopy would not be ready by the time the museum reopened in July 2006, and would be installed in 2007. But opposition to the canopy was rising. The Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (ACHP), a federal agency, opposed enclosing the courtyard; the height of the canopy above the cornice line; the bright lighting of the canopy; and the destruction of the landscaping, fountains, and trees in the courtyard. Opposition was also expressed by the United States Department of the Interior, the D.C. State Preservation Office, and the National Trust for Historic Preservation. Foster and Partners lowered the height of the canopy a little and altered the way it would be lit in response to these complaints. They also redesigned the canopy to rest on eight steel pillars rather than resting on the roof of the building. The ACHP said the height and lighting changes were not enough, and that the pillars detracted from the beauty of the courtyard. The design changes, coupled with inflation, raised the cost of the canopy to $50 million from $38 million by April 2005.</p><br>
<p>Surprisingly, the NCPC reversed its two previous preliminary approvals and rejected the design for the glass canopy on June 2, 2005. NCPC officials said they were convinced by the concerns raised by preservationists, and condemned the Smithsonian&#39;s design approval process for being exclusionary. The 6-to-5 vote forced work to come to a halt on the courtyard and canopy, and required that the Smithsonian restore the courtyard to its original appearance (including reinstallation of two iron fountains). The decision cost the Smithsonian $8 million.</p><br>
<p>Unwilling to lose the canopy, the Smithsonian brought five alternatives to the NCPC on August 4. Two included a glass canopy with flat roofs. Three others lowered the canopy by an additional 11.5 ft and redirected the lighting to avoid creating a beacon-like effect for the canopy at night. All the alternatives changed the proposed landscaping of the new courtyard and added water features. At least one retained the iron fountains. Washington Post architectural critic Benjamin Forgey described the changes as "relatively minor adjustments" and "pretty much the very same design". On September 8, 2005, the NCPC reversed itself yet again. It voted 9-to-2 to accept an alternative which retained the waving glass canopy, eight steel beams (unchanged from the previous design), and nighttime illumination of the previous design. The NCPC also approved the preliminary courtyard landscape design, which was created by noted landscape architect Kathryn Gustafson. Almost none of the complaints raised by historic preservationists were addressed. The delay cost the Smithsonian $10 million.</p><br>
<p>In October 2005, the Donald W. Reynolds Foundation made another major gift to the NPG. It donated $45 million to finish both the building renovation and the canopy manufacture and installation (now scheduled to be complete in July 2007 or later). The Smithsonian agreed to call the two museums, the conservation center, courtyard, storage facility, and other operations within the Old Patent Office complex the "Donald W. Reynolds Center for American Art and Portraiture" in appreciation for the gift. In addition, the Smithsonian said it would call its conservation laboratory the Lunder Conservation Center after receiving a $5.7 million grant from the Harold Alfond Foundation, name the new 356-seat undereground auditorium after Nan Tucker McEvoy; designate the courtyard the Robert and Arlene Kogod Courtyard; and name its "open storage" facility the Luce Foundation Center. The two museums would retain their names, however. The Reynolds Foundation donation left just $20 million to be raised.</p><br>
<p>The National Portrait Gallery and Smithsonian American Art Museum reopened on July 1, 2006. The total cost of the buildings renovation was $283 million. The $63 million courtyard won rave reviews. Washington Post critic Philip Kennicott called the courtyard a "compelling and peaceful public space". Historic preservationists, he observed, were wrong in assuming the glass canopy would turn attention away from the building. To the contrary, he said, "the glass canopy enhances it, drawing out the sandy color and texture of the south wing...and the greenish-gray granite hues of the north wing" and allowing the details and lines of the building to come into higher relief. He called the courtyards landscaping "resplendent" and the four floor-level water scrims "captivating". He concluded, "Now that its finished, its unfortunate that the canopy isn&#39;t more visible from the outside (you need to be above street level, in an adjacent building, to see it clearly, and it can be glimpsed peeking above the roofline if seen from a few blocks away). Opponents of the canopy helped ensure that it would be all but invisible from the street. They were wrong. It deserves to be seen." It was named one of the "new seven wonders of the architecture world" by Condé Nast Traveler magazine.</p><br>
<p>Nettilling Lake is a cold freshwater lake located toward the south end of Baffin Island, Nunavut, Canada. It is also the worlds largest lake on an island, with an area of 5,542 km and a maximum length of 123 km. The lake is in the Great Plain of the Koukdjuak about 280 km northwest of Iqaluit. The Arctic Circle crosses the lake. The lake&#39;s name is of Inuktitut origin, coming from the word for the adult ringed seal . Franz Boas explored its southern shore in 1884.</p><br>
<p>Nettilling is the largest lake in Nunavut. It is fed by the second largest lake on Baffin Island, Amadjuak Lake and several other smaller lakes and streams. It empties west via the very shallow Koukdjuak River into Foxe Basin. The eastern half has many small islands and the western half is deeper with no islands. The lake is frozen for most of the year. Ringed seals live in the lake and only three species of fish have been recorded there: the Arctic char as well as the ninespine and threespine stickleback. The tundra around the lake and south to Amadjuak Lake is important for barren-ground caribou feeding and calving.</p><br>
<p>Nettilling Lake is the eleventh largest in Canada, being one of the largest lakes entirely within Canada.</p><br>
<p>Martinez Hacienda, also known as Hacienda de los Martinez, is a Taos, New Mexico hacienda built during the Spanish colonial era. It is now a living museum listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It is located on the bank of the Rio Pueblo de Taos.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>According to Miriam Webster, Hacienda meant a "large landed estate" in Spanish during the Spanish colonization of the Americas. Its origin is the Old Spanish word facienda, which came from a Latin word that meant to do or things to be done. Often, Native Americans were brought on as "free wage" laborers.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Don Antonio Severino Martinez, also known as Severino Martinez, bought the property about 2 miles southwest of the Taos Plaza in 1804, At first the building was a four-room dwelling and then it grew as Martinez became more successful. such as Comanche and Apache raiders. When there was a threat of violence, the livestock were brought into the courtyards of the hacienda for safety.</p><br>
<p>Martinez married Maria del Carmel or Maria del Carmen Santisteban in Abiquiu in 1787. They had six children together, all of whom lived after the death of their parents. He was alcalde (mayor) of Taos, a trader and merchant.</p><br>
<p>Owning five square miles of land, it was the largest Taos Valley hacienda and was a working ranch and farm. Severino raised pigs, goats, oxen, mules, burros, horses and sheep. Crops included corn, squash, wheat, peas and chilis. Severino had acquired Navajo and Ute workers for ranch and agricultural work. Maria managed 30 Native American servants on the hacienda, including women who made finished woven or knitted goods from raw wool and tanned leather. The men, women and children who served on the farm were acquired from Native American or Mexican traders.</p><br>
<p>During the Spanish colonial period, goods were either made locally or transported from Mexico City to Taos along the Spanish El Camino Real de Tierra Adentro trade route, of which the hacienda was the final northerly stop. El Camino Real trade is depicted in the hacienda museum&#39;s exhibits. He also traded goods along the Santa Fe Trail after it opened up in 1821.</p><br>
<p>Severino Martinez built a flourishing mercantile business trading goods from Northern New Mexico, allowing him to send his son Antonio José Martínez to study for the priesthood in Durango, Mexico. Antonio José was a spiritual leader in Taos from 1826 to 1867.</p><br>
<p>Severino lived at the hacienda until his death in 1827. The Martinez family held on to the property when Mexico took control of New Mexico from Spain, and again when it became a United States territory and state. It was sold in 1931 outside of the family and over the years fell into disrepair. It was purchased and reconstruction began in 1961 by Jerome Milord and his family. In 1969 or 1972 it was sold to the Kit Carson Memorial Foundation who restored the property. The hacienda was fully restored by 1982 to its state in 1820.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>Now owned by the Taos Historic Museums, it is a living museum honoring the contributions of the early Hispanic settlers in the Taos Valley. It is particularly focused on life during the 1820s under Spanish colonial rule. For instance, the weaving exhibits display wool died with vegetable based tints. And the hacienda&#39;s interior walls are white washed with tierra blanca, which is a mixture of micaceous clay and wheat paste.</p><br>
<p>It is one of the few remaining Spanish colonial haciendas that is open to the public throughout the year in the United States.</p><br>
<p>It hosts the annual Taos Trade Fair in late September to reenact Spanish colonial life and celebrate the trade among mountain men, Native Americans and Spanish settlers. Demonstrations are performed of blacksmiths, wood carvers and weavers. In addition to a working weaving room, there is also a blacksmith shop within the museum.</p><br>
<p>The University Club of New York  is a private social club located at 1 West 54th Street at Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York. It received its charter in 1865, but the origins date back to the autumn of 1861 when a group of college friends, principally Yale alumni, founded the club hoping to extend their collegial ties. The club is not affiliated with any other University Club or college alumni clubs, but does hold reciprocal relationships with similar clubs around the world such as the Union League Club of Philadelphia and the Rainier Club of Seattle. There are over 5,000 members.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first meeting was held in the rooms of the Columbia College Law School (now the Columbia University Law School), where Theodore Dwight, the Club&#39;s first president and a Hamilton College alumnus, was a professor. After several moves, the club took over an existing townhouse at 26th Street and Madison Avenue, in 1883.</p><br>
<p>Founded to celebrate the union of social duty and intellectual life, the Club states in its charter that the purpose of the organization shall be the "promotion of Literature and Art by establishing and maintaining a Library, Reading Room and Gallery of Art, and by such other means as shall be expedient and proper for such purposes." In addition to its many grand architectural features, the University Club hosts one of New Yorks great private art collections, with a particularly strong group of works by great American painters such as Gilbert Stuart and Childe Hassam, who featured the Clubs facade in his work Allies Day, May 1917.</p><br>
<p>The club was all-male until 1987.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>By the 1890s, with its membership limited by the size of its building to 1,500 resident members and 900 who lived elsewhere, the Club was looking for a larger space, because it had nearly 600 people on a waiting list to join. It acquired the St. Lukes Hospital site and proceeded to seek an architecture firm. The firm of Charles McKim, William Mead and Stanford White, who were all members, got the architectural commission and went on to design what remains one of the grandest clubhouses of the citys prominent social clubs.</p><br>
<p>Erected in 1899, in a Mediterranean Revival Italian Renaissance palazzo-style, the building is particularly noted for its reading room (with ceiling murals by H. Siddons Mowbray modeled after the Vatican Apartments), dining room, and the attempt made by the architects to disguise a nine-story building behind what seems to be a three-story facade.</p><br>
<p>McKim, Mead and White commissioned Edward F. Caldwell & Co. to provide light fixtures for the University Club among other architectural commissions for the company.</p><br>
<p>Gaua  is the largest and second most populous of the Banks Islands in Torba Province of northern Vanuatu. It covers 342 km².</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Gaua was first sighted by Europeans during the Spanish expedition of Pedro Fernández de Quirós, from 25 to 29 April 1606. The island’s name was then charted as Santa María.</p><br>
<h2>Physical geography</h2><br>
<p>It has rugged terrain, reaching up to Mount Gharat (797 m), the peak of the active stratovolcano at the center of the island. The most recent eruption was in 2013. The volcano has a 6 × 9 km caldera, within which lies a crater lake known as Lake Letas, the largest lake in Vanuatu. To the east of the lake is Siri Waterfall (120 m drop).</p><br>
<h2>Population and languages</h2><br>
<p>The island has a population of 2491 (in 2009), with an annual growth rate of 2.0 percent.</p><br>
<p>This population is scattered in various coastal villages on the western, southern and northeastern sides of the island. The eastern side has a few hamlets with an immigrant population coming mainly from the two smaller islands Merig and Merelava, southeast of Gaua. The largest village is Jolap, on the west coast.</p><br>
<p>Besides the language of this immigrant population (Mwerlap), there are five languages traditionally spoken on Gaua: Lakon or Vuré; Olrat; Koro; Dorig and Nume.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The population of Gaua lives of the traditional agricultural economy of Melanesia, combining fishing and horticulture.</p><br>
<p>The principal exports are copra and cacao.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>The island is served by Gaua Airport at the northeast corner of the island.</p><br>
<p>Gocta  is a perennial waterfall with two drops located in Peru&#39;s province of Chachapoyas in Amazonas, approximately 700 km to the northeast of Lima. It flows into the Cocahuayco River. Although the waterfall had been well known to locals for centuries , its existence was not made known to the world until after an expedition made in 2005 by a German, Stefan Ziemendorff, with a group of Peruvian explorers.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the discovery, Ziemendorff successfully persuaded the Peruvian government to map the falls and to measure their height. On 11 March 2006, following his third expedition to the falls, he held a press conference, the contents of which were published by several of the worlds wire services. He stated that the total height was measured at 771 m, which ranked Gocta as the third-tallest free-leaping waterfall in the world after Angel Falls in Venezuela and Tugela Falls in South Africa. However, this was apparently based on outdated and incomplete information gleaned from the National Geographic Society, and Ziemendorffs comments as to the waterfalls ranking have since been widely disputed. Citing various encyclopedias, reference books, and webpages accessible through Google, Gocta Cataracts are unofficially listed as the worlds fifth-tallest, after adding Ramnefjellsfossen (Norway) and Mongefossen (Norway). Furthermore, The World Waterfall Database ranks Gocta as the 16th tallest.</p><br>
<p>The waterfall, which can be seen from several kilometers away, has been christened Gocta Falls, after the name of the nearest settlement.</p><br>
<p>The daily El Comercio said that the impressive waterfall had remained unknown to outsiders until now, because local people feared the curse of a beautiful blond mermaid who lived in its waters, if they revealed its whereabouts. "The falls are supposed to be protected by a white-haired mermaid like spirit whose hair can be seen flowing down the massive U-shaped walls at the bottom of the falls."</p><br>
<p>On 13 March 2006, the Peruvian government announced to the press that the area surrounding the falls would be developed as a tourist attraction, with a target date for sometime in mid-2007. A small hotel was built 6 mi from the base of the waterfall, with all rooms having views of the waterfall. Tourists can now hike the trails by foot or horse to the misty base of the waterfall. The nearby town of Chachapoyas is located at an altitude of 2,235 m. The waterfall is at a slightly higher altitude and thus clouds can be seen to occasionally eclipse part of the view.</p><br>
<p>Vanua Lava is the second largest of the Banks Islands in Torba Province, Vanuatu, after slightly larger Gaua.</p><br>
<p>It is located about 120 km north-northeast of Espiritu Santo and north of Gaua.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Vanua Lava was first sighted by Europeans during the Spanish expedition of Pedro Fernández de Quirós, from 25 to 29 April 1606. The island’s name was then charted as Portal de Belén (“Nativity scene”, in Spanish).</p><br>
<p>Vanua Lava was first explored by New Zealand Bishop George Augustus Selwyn in 1859. The sulfur deposits of Mt. Suretamate were formerly worked by a French company. Copra is the chief export.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island measures about 25 km north-to-south and 20 km east-to-west. It has a land area of 314 km².</p><br>
<p>The highest altitude on the island is 946 m. Mount Suretamate (also spelled Sere’ama, Seretimiat, 921 m) is an active volcano, whose last major eruption was in 1965. The island has two natural harbors, Port Patteson in the east and Vureas Bay (Vurës) in the southwest. To the east of the island are the islets of Kwakea and Ravenga. On the west side is Waterfall Bay.</p><br>
<p>The capital of Torba province, Sola, is located on the east side of the island, on Port Patteson.</p><br>
<h2>Population and languages</h2><br>
<p>The population of Vanua Lava numbered 2,623 in the 2009 census.2623=sum of Vanua Lava + Kwakea figures in 2009 census:</p><br>
<p>Vanua Lava is home to four indigenous languages: Vurës with about 2000 speakers, Vera&#39;a with 500; and two dying languages, Mwesen with 10 speakers, and Lemerig with only 2 speakers living. To these four local languages, one may add those of migrant communities: Mwotlap on the north-eastern coast, Mota by some families in the east. Bislama is the language most often heard in Sola, the administrative capital where people from different language backgrounds meet.</p><br>
<p>Vanua Lava evidently used to harbour more languages in the past, several of which have disappeared since the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>There is an airport there (IATA code SLH), to which Air Vanuatu flies three times a week. There is one road on the island but few vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Malubiting ; also known as Malubiting West) is the second highest</p><br>
<p>peak in the Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram range of Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Malubiting lies in the heart of the Rakaposhi-Haramosh Mountains, which rise above the north bank of the Indus River between its tributaries the Hunza River and the Shigar River. Malubiting lies about 40 km east-southeast of Rakaposhi, and about 50 km east of Gilgit, the most important town in the region. Malubiting rises steeply over the Phuparash River to the southwest, while on the east the large Chogo Lungma Glacier starts on its slopes.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>Malubiting was unsuccessfully attempted in 1955, 1959, 1968, 1969 and 1970 and 1971 before the first ascent in 1971. In that year an Austrian team led by Horst Schindlbacher reached the summit via the Northeast Ridge, ascending the North Peak and skirting the Central Peak on the way.</p><br>
<p>According to the, there has been only one additional ascent, by a Swiss-German team in 1997, via the original route. (There may however have been other ascents that did not make it into the Index.)</p><br>
<h2>Sources</h2><br>
<p>High Asia: An Illustrated History of the 7000 Metre Peaks by Jill Neate,</p><br>
<p>Orographical Sketch Map of the Karakoram by Jerzy Wala, 1990. Published by the Swiss Foundation for Alpine Research.</p><br>
<p></text></p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Barrow is small fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria which reaches a height of 455 metres . It is situated in the quiet and picturesque Newlands Valley just 4 kilometres  south-west of the town of Keswick. Although modest in height, Barrow commands a fine all-round view, with the vales of Keswick and Newlands being well seen. The name of the fell originates from the Anglo Saxon language meaning a hill or long ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>Barrow is a slender ridge climbing south-west from Braithwaite. At the summit it turns due west across the depression of Barrow Door, diverted by the valley of Stonycroft Gill. Beyond the col are Stile End and Outerside. The valley of Coledale lies to the north-west and Newlands Beck forms the eastern boundary.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents of the fell are usually started from either the Newlands Valley or Braithwaite, both giving an enjoyable short ramble which can be combined with the adjoining higher fell of Outerside. The climb from Newlands starts at the hamlet of Stair and utilises an old mine road up Stonycroft Gill up to a height of 350 metres (1,148 feet) before veering back east to attain the summit. There are two paths from Braithwaite, one follows the northern ridge of the fell while the other approaches up the valley of Barrow Gill.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Barrow is composed of the laminated mudstone and siltstone of the Kirkstile Formation, typical of the Skiddaw group. A band of greywacke sandstone runs along the eastern flanks.</p><br>
<p>Like many of the fells in the Newlands Valley, Barrow has been extensively mined for lead in the past, the spoil heaps are extensive and sweep down to the road at the eastern foot of the hill. The spoil is quite light in colour and is clearly visible from afar. Barrow mine first opened in the 17th century and eventually closed in 1888. The remaining spoil heaps are said to be in a state of continual slight movement and it is possible to hear a small rustle as the spoil slides down the hill. Another noteworthy topographical feature is the ravine of Barrow Gill, which appears on the Braithwaite side of the fell, the Gill is deep and extensive and seems out of proportion to the small stream that it accommodates.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The River Gwendraeth  is a river in Carmarthenshire in West Wales.</p><br>
<p>It has two almost equal branches that have their confluence in their joint estuary at Carmarthen Bay. The Gwendraeth Fawr (Large Gwendraeth in English) is surprisingly the smaller and has its source in a series of springs to the north of Cross Hands, the most northerly of which rises to the north of Gorslas in the Llyn Llech Owain Country Park, just above the 585 ft contour. Below Cross Hands, it skirts the northern edge of Mynydd Mawr Woodland Park, and flows to the south of Drefach. It crosses the 160 ft contour to pass through Pontyberem, Pont Henri and Pontyates, by which time it is less than 33 ft above sea level. Finally, it passes to the south of Kidwelly, to enter the estuary.</p><br>
<p>The Gwendraeth Fach (small Gwendraeth in Welsh) flows further to the north having its source about 4 miles north of Cross Hands near the 190 m contour at Penrhiwgoch. Passing under the A48 road, it is soon below the 160 ft contour, flowing in a south-westerly direction to the south of Llanddarog, Cwmisfael and Llangyndeyrn, before turning southwards through Mynyddygarreg. It reaches the estuary to the west of Kidwelly after passing through the town centre.</p><br>
<p>The two branches follow almost parallel courses to the sea. The valleys of both rivers flow through a mixture of modestly steep coal mining communities and through the verdant agricultural land of Carmarthenshire.</p><br>
<p>When Thomas Kymer built his canal to carry coal from pits at Pwll y Llygod on the banks of the Gwendraeth Fawr to Ythyn Frenig, about half a mile to the west of Kidwelly on the southern bank of the Gwendraeth Fach, the authorising act of Parliament included powers to divert the course of the Gwendraeth Fawr from Pwll y Llygod to Pont Spwdwr, where the Kidwelly to Llanelli turnpike road crossed the river. The canal was built and operational by May 1768, and was later incorporated into the Kidwelly and Llanelly Canal. Although the route across the sands to the dock that he built was often affected by silting, it continued to be used for the export of coal long after the canal had been replaced by a railway. Coasters carried the cargo to Laugharne, Carmarthen, St Clears and Llanstephan, with the last recorded sailing bound for Llanstephan in the early 1920s.</p><br>
<p>The most notable place of interest is Kidwelly Castle perched above the estuary of the Gwendraeth Fach. The Gwendraeth estuary widens rapidly before joing with the estuaries of the River Tywi and the River Tâf to form a three branched estuary.</p><br>
<p>To the south of the estuary are the great flat sands of Cefn Sidan and Pembrey, whilst across the estuary on the banks of the River Taf is Laugharne famed for its association with Dylan Thomas.</p><br>
<p>The SV Paul is one of the many shipwrecks in the vicinity of the Gwendraeth and the Cefn Sidan sands.</p><br>
<p>The two points enclosing the mouth of the Gwendraeth are Salmon Point Scar (northern side) and Tywyn Point (southern side).</p><br>
<p>Surveyed as K6 , but also known as Baltistan Peak. This is a notable peak of the Masherbrum Mountains, a subrange of the Karakoram mountain range in Gilgit Baltistan region of Pakistan. Despite being much lower than its sister mountains, the Eight-thousanders and high 7000m peaks such as Masherbrum, it has huge, steep faces, and great relief above the nearby valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>K6 is the highest peak in the area surrounding the Charakusa Glacier, a region which has seen renewed climbing interest in recent years. This glacier lies at the head of the Hushe Valley, which in turn leads to the Shyok River and thence to the Indus River.</p><br>
<p>The Charakusa gives access to the north side of K6; to the southwest of the peak is the</p><br>
<p>small Nangmah (or "Nangpah") Glacier, and to the east is the larger Kaberi Glacier and the Kaberi River valley.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first ascent of K6 was in 1970, by an Austrian party, which was led by Eduard Koblmueller and included Gerhard Haberl, Christian von der Hecken and Gerd Pressl via the Southeast Ridge from the</p><br>
<p>Nangmah Glacier.</p><br>
<p>The Himalayan Index lists 3 additional attempts, but</p><br>
<p>no additional ascents, on K6.</p><br>
<p>Hall Basin is an Arctic waterway between Hall Land in Greenland to the west and Canada&#39;s northernmost island to the east, Ellesmere Island.</p><br>
<p>Hall Basin is named after American polar explorer Charles Francis Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hall Basin is located in Nares Strait with its entrance between Cape Baird on the eastern coast of Ellesmere Island and Cape Morton on the northwestern coast of Greenland. Robeson Channel is to the north of the basin, and Kennedy Channel to the south. The basin is irregularly shaped, the entrance to Lady Franklin Bay lies on its western shores, being deeply indented by an extensive fjord system. Although the eastern shore is more regular, it includes the Petermann Fjord of the Petermann Glacier at its southern end.</p><br>
<p>Hazelwood  is located just over 2 miles outside the town of Sligo in northwest Ireland, in the parish of Calry. It is the setting for W.B.Yeats&#39;s The Song of Wandering Aengus.</p><br>
<p>The wood is situated on the shores of Lough Gill, which contains Yeats&#39;s Lake Isle of Innisfree, and is popular among tourists and locals for its scenic walks, which is dotted with sculptures; swans, mallards and gulls who congregate at the picnic area, and for the fishing on Lough Gill.</p><br>
<p>Hazelwood is also the home to Hazelwood House, a Georgian mansion which was built in 1722 by the Wynne family. To the south of the house the abandoned remains of the former Korean factory Saehan Media can be seen. To the north of Hazelwood lies Hazelwood Avenue, the residential area of the Hazelwood Peninsula. The Garavogue River flows from the west down to the south and out of Lough Gill.</p><br>
<p>Boone Hall Plantation is one of America&#39;s oldest working plantations, continually growing crops for over 320 years. The antebellum era plantation is located in Mount Pleasant, Charleston County, South Carolina, USA, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The plantation includes a large Colonial Revival plantation house (completed in 1936) that replaced the lost original house on the site, a number of slave cabins or cottages (which were occupied by sharecroppers well into the 20th century), several flower gardens, and the historic "Avenue of Oaks" an expanse of over a kilometer along the up to the house with southern live oaks on either side, originally planted in 1743.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>17th and 18th centuries</h3><br>
<p>The earliest known reference to the site is in 1681, in a land grant of 470 acre from owner Theophilus Patey, to his daughter Elizabeth and her new husband, Major John Boone as a wedding gift when the land became known as Boone Hall Plantation though it is unknown when a house was built on the site. John Boone was one of the first settlers of the South Carolina colony arriving in 1672. Boone and his wife were ancestors of Founding Fathers Edward Rutledge and John Rutledge. He was elected to the Grand Council during the 1680s but was removed twice because he illegally dealt in Indian slaves, associated with pirates, and concealed stolen goods. He went on to hold other local offices such as tax assessor and highway commissioner. When Boone died, he divided his estate between his wife and five children with his eldest son, Thomas, making Boone Hall his home.</p><br>
<h3>19th century</h3><br>
<p>The ownership of the plantation continued in the Boone family until it was sold in 1811. Within the next few years, Boone Hall was again sold to Henry and John Horlbeck who were in the brick business. The brothers built many houses and public spaces in downtown Charleston using the brick from their plantations, of which by 1850, Boone Hall was producing 4,000,000 bricks per year using 85 slaves. The Horlbeck family also improved the plantation by completing the Avenue of Oaks that lead up to the plantation house in 1843. The Horlbecks also planted pecan trees on the plantation, so that by end of the century, Boone Hall was one of the leading producers of pecans in the United States.</p><br>
<h3>20th century</h3><br>
<p>Boone Hall Plantation was purchased in 1935 from the Horlbeck estate by Canadian Thomas Stone. He and his wife, Alexandra, wanting a "grander style" home on the 738 acre plantation built the house that stands there today in 1936 demolishing the existing two-story frame house with a one-story front porch. The Stones also reinvigorated the pecan farming operation at the plantation, focusing on about 200 acres of what had been a 700-acre pecan farm, and built an electrical plant which created power from the tides of the nearby rivers to power the plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1940, the Stones sold the plantation to Georgian prince Dimitri Jorjadze and his American socialite wife, Audrey. The prince raced thoroughbreds under the nom de course, Boone Hall Stable, with the most notable of his horses being Princequillo, who in 1943 was the fastest distance runner in the United States. The princely couple sold the plantation to Dr. Henry Deas in 1945, who in turn sold to Harris M. McRae and his wife Nancy in 1955. The McRaes continued to farm the land with a focus on growing peach trees, and eventually opened the plantation to public tours in 1956.</p><br>
<h3>21st century</h3><br>
<p>Boone Hall is still owned by the McRae family who have made great efforts to preserve the original structures and gardens. Due to its role in the antebellum south, the plantation was named one of the African American Historic Places in South Carolina.</p><br>
<h2>Mansion and grounds</h2><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Thomas Stone commissioned architect William Harmon Beers to design a grander residence to replace the rather modest house on the Boone Hall Plantation. Constructed in the Colonial Revival style the mansion was built under the oversight of builder Cambridge M. Trott in 1936. Built on the gently sloping banks of Horlbeck Creek, the south facing residence is a two-and-half story building that incorporates materials from the plantation’s old farm structures and salvaged historic brick recovered from the Laurel Hill Brickyard. The eight-bay wide facade is slightly asymmetrical, with its pedimented gable portico at the fourth, fifth and sixth bays. The portico is supported by six massive Tuscan columns, and features a bull&#39;s eye window in the tympanum. On the ground level, the three western bays feature shuttered 9/9 windows, while the two eastern bays are slightly smaller with 6/9 windows. Within the portico are smaller 6/6 windows flanking the paneled entry door with sidelights and fanlight. Second level window openings are slightly shorter, and have a 6/6 sash. An oculus window occupies the space between the second and third bays on the western side of the facade. Above the entry is an iron balcony, accessed by French doors. The lateral hipped roof has a medium pitch, with tall brick exterior chimneys at each side elevation. One interior chimney pierces the slate roof.</p><br>
<p>On the northern, rear facade, there is a wing that projects from the eastern half of the house consisting of four bays. The roof is hipped and has two gabled dormers on all three sides of the wing that indicates a finished attic level. There are brick exterior chimneys at the rear and east elevations of the wing, which has 6/9 windows at both levels. There are two further projections from the rear wing. A small one-story brick wing on the north elevation, with hipped roof and exterior chimney, was originally used for farm-related storage. At the rear bay of the east elevation is a one-story, one-by-one bay frame wing, with a slate gable roof and exterior brick chimney attached to the house as an office. This small structure predates the main house, and was relocated, attached and re-sided.</p><br>
<p>Within the ell at the rear of the house, connecting the library at the front of the house with the loggia in the rear wing, is a brick paved terrace enclosed with a serpentine wall. Single and</p><br>
<p>double French doors, with fanlight, in round-arched surrounds access the terrace from the library, while the west wall of the loggia opens to the terrace with a row of three French doors with sidelights and fanlights in round-arched openings. The mansion has an excavated basement with cement slab flooring, and 5&#39;5" walls of smooth cement on which the brick exterior walls rest. Brick piers lend additional</p><br>
<p>support to the main structure.</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Encompassing about 10,000 ft&sup2, the layout of the mansion has the principal rooms of Boone Hall located on the ground floor. The spacious foyer has plaster walls with a double cornice at ceiling level, and flooring of teak parquet. A cantilevered winding staircase rises to the second level, lit by a triple-hung arched window with 12-light sash. To the left of the foyer is the library, accessed through a mahogany paneled door, with an arched tympanum and keystone, that matches the exterior entry door. Shallow steps lead down from a landing just inside the room to the floor of wide oak boards. The walls are clad in dark green painted cypress paneling, offset by a white chair rail that flanks a simple fireplace surround, glass-fronted built-in bookshelves, and a cornice with heavy dentil molding. On the north side of the library, are ornate french doors, with a semicircular arch in the Palladian style, that access the terrace. Centered on the east wall of the foyer is an arched opening, with fluted pilasters and keystone, that accesses a short hallway that steps down to the double door entry of the dining room. The dining room features oak flooring and cypress paneling painted red. The modest dentil cornice, fireplace surround and chair rail are painted white, matching the treatment in the library. The dining room connects with the kitchen through a butler&#39;s pantry with glass-fronted cabinets, topped by smaller cabinets at the ceiling level that extend completely around the room. The countertops are made of Monel, and the narrow oak flooring continues into the large kitchen designed to facilitate grand-scale entertaining.</p><br>
<p>Accessed through an arched opening on the north wall of the foyer, located under the winding staircase, is the entry into the loggia, adjacent to the west of the kitchen in the rear wing, that leads to the game room at the north end of the rear wing. The enclosed loggia features a low groin-vaulted ceiling of brick and cement stucco, herringbone-laid brick flooring, and centered on a round-arched fireplace surround with a mirrored inset above the mantel. Opposite the fireplace are three double door arched openings to the terrace. The game room has exposed ceiling beams of rough-hewn cypress, cypress paneled walls and salvaged wide heart pine flooring that may have been saved from the prior plantation residence that had been recently demolished. The game room also gives access to a small wine cellar located in the basement. The private family quarters are found on the second floor and are accessed by a hallway featuring arches with fluted pilasters and keystones. The bedrooms have generally simpler finishes than found on the ground floor, though the rear bedrooms and the third level finished space are quite plain. Giving access to each floor is an elevator that rises from the basement to the second level.</p><br>
<h3>Grounds</h3><br>
<p>Boone Hall Plantation today spans 738 acres that includes seasonal crop fields, naturally preserved wetlands, creeks, and ponds. The most notable natural feature of the grounds is the grand "Avenue of Oaks" that was first planted in 1743 and completed by the Horlbeck brothers in 1843. On axis with the front facade of the house, the allee consists of 88 live oak trees and one magnolia, that are evenly spaced, and run 3/4 of a mile from the entrance of the plantation to a pair of brick gateposts. The gateposts are topped with ball finals, hung with formal wrought iron gates and along with a brick serpentine wall enclose the forecourt of the house. Open lawns at each side of the entry drive are flanked by formal gardens with brick-paved paths, laid among large live oaks and planted with camellias, azaleas and Noisette roses. On the wide forecourt directly in front of the house are two pergolas, constructed in 1993 as part of the ongoing efforts to enhance the gardens. At the southwest edge of the gardens, within the serpentine wall, is a brick smokehouse dating from 1750. The cylindrical structure has a conical timber roof sheathed in slate.</p><br>
<p>South of the smokehouse, and running parallel with the oak allee, sit nine of the original slave cabins which date back to 1790-1810. It was common for owners to display their slave cabins in the front of the property as a sign of wealth.</p><br>
<p>Built of brick, the one-story structures are 12 feet by 30 feet with gabled roofs, have either plank or dirt floors and a simple fireplace with a brick hearth and no mantle at the rear of each house. The cabins were in use well into the 20th century, as they were occupied by sharecroppers through the 1940s. Today they display information on slave life. To the southeast of the main house is the large Cotton Gin house built in the 1850s. The machinery to process cotton is no longer found, and has since been used as a guest house, restaurant and gift shop by subsequent owners. Due to damage by Hurricane Hugo, the building is no longer habitable and is awaiting renovation.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are a popular venue for weddings in the Charleston area, and was the location for the nuptials of actors Ryan Reynolds and Blake Lively in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Boone Hall Farms</h2><br>
<p>Boone Hall Farms is the present agricultural arm that operates this part of the plantation. April to June, strawberries are the centerpiece at Boone Hall Farms. The annual Lowcountry Strawberry Festival caps off the peak of each season and thousands of pounds of strawberries are picked from Boone Hall Farms U-Pick fields. Spring planting annually includes tomatoes, squash, cucumbers, watermelons, sweet corn, and other produce that is part of the Boone Hall Farms farm-to-table program that is featured in over 35 Lowcountry businesses and restaurants. These crops are harvested throughout the summer months during the peak of the South Carolina growing season. Plans are presently underway to expand the tomato crop rotation that will produce deep into the fall growing season along with the pumpkin crop. Boone Hall Farms Market opened in 2006 as an outlet for its crops as well as featuring other fresh local South Carolina-grown produce. This market is open throughout the year and additionally features a variety of other food products, a market cafe, fresh local seafood, and a floral/gift shop.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The grounds and buildings of Boone Hall Plantation have appeared in a number of major motion pictures and TV series:</p><br>
<p>America (1972 TV Series)</p><br>
<p>Days of Our Lives (1984)</p><br>
<p>North and South (1985 & 1986 Mini-Series)</p><br>
<p>Alex Haley&#39;s Queen (1993 Mini-Series)</p><br>
<p>Scarlett (1994 Mini-Series)</p><br>
<p>The Notebook (2004)</p><br>
<p>The Price of Freedom (2004 Documentary)</p><br>
<p>(2008)</p><br>
<p>Thirunandikkara Cave Temple is a rock-cut cave temple of Pallava art dated to the seventh and eighth century AD. It is part of Thirunandikkara temple, which is near Thiruvattar in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu state of South India. Up to the recent past before 1956, the region around the temple was part of Kerala but is now under the jurisdiction of Tamil Nadu. It was originally established by Jains in 7th century CE and later turned into Hindu shrine.</p><br>
<p>The hall of the cave is conjectured to have had richly decorated paintings. However, at present only faded outlines remain over the passage of years. Dating of faded outlines of former frescoes from 9th&ndash;10th century.</p><br>
<p>Natural pigments and vegetable colours were used in the earlier traditional style of mural art form which is the Fresco-secco style unlike the Buon Fresco technique. This art is being revived by a new generation of artists who are involved in researching and teaching mural art at the Sree Sankara Sanskrit College in Kalady and also at a Mural art school supported by the Guruvayoor Temple.</p><br>
<p>Babine Lake is the longest natural lake in British Columbia, Canada.</p><br>
<p>Babine Lake is located northeast of the town of Burns Lake in central British Columbia, some 177 km west northwest of the city of Prince George. It is 153 km long, 2 - wide, and has a net area of 479 km&sup2; and a total area of 495 km&sup2, including islands on the lake which cover 16 km&sup2;. It lies at an elevation of 711 m.</p><br>
<p>It drains northwest into the Babine River, an important tributary of the Skeena.</p><br>
<p>There are several provincial parks on Babine Lake:</p><br>
<p>Babine Lake Marine Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Pendleton Bay site</p><br>
<p>Smithers Landing site</p><br>
<p>Topley Landing Provincial Park</p><br>
<p>Red Bluff Provincial Park</p><br>
<h2>Babine Portage</h2><br>
<p>Babine Portage is a campsite located about 12 km north of the Portage Yekooche Reserve along a gravel road, on the west end of Babine Lake. The name originates from the 19th century, when the site was used as an entry point for canoes portaging to the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company post.</p><br>
<p>In the past, there were five cabins on the east side of the creek and seven on the west side, but in 2003, all but three were ignited by grass fires and burned down.</p><br>
<p>Although people from Tache, Fort St. James, and Prince George visit the area, it is mostly used by members of Yekooche First Nation, who spend most of the summer there before returning to Portage Reserve in the fall. The lake provides them with salmon and kokanee, while moose, deer and bear hunting can be done nearby around Salt Lake, Frank&#39;s Meadow, and a lagoon west of the camp. People also fish at 4 Mile and 6 Mile Creek, east of the camp near Quarter Island. People from Yekooche rely on their catch from Babine Portage for winter food.</p><br>
<p>An important local tradition at Babine Portage involves tes-ing up first-time visitors, which means to rub coal on their cheeks to ward off bad weather at the camp. (tes means charcoal in the Babine language.)</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>San Carlos Lake was formed by the construction of the Coolidge Dam and is rimmed by 158 mi of shoreline. The lake is located within the 3,000 square miles San Carlos Apache Indian Reservation, and is thus subject to tribal regulations.</p><br>
<p>After it was built, the reservoir filled gradually. Because of irrigation needs, the water level at the lake sometimes is low enough to kill its self-sustaining fish, but during wet years, the water can overtop Coolidge Dam. Since construction of the dam, the lake has been nearly empty at least 20 times, and has been full only three times.</p><br>
<p>When President Calvin Coolidge dedicated the new dam in 1930, Cherokee humorist Will Rogers looked at the grass in the lake bed, and said, “If this were my dam, I’d mow it.”</p><br>
<h2>Recreational use</h2><br>
<h3>Fishing, boating and camping</h3><br>
<p>San Carlos Lake is stocked periodically, and after winters with average or above average precipitation, is one of the largest lakes in Arizona. The San Carlos Apache Tribe Recreation & Wildlife Dept. stocks several species of fish using various methods to improve fishing. Several species are self-sustaining:</p><br>
<p>sunfish (Lepomis sp.)</p><br>
<p>largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)</p><br>
<p>black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus)</p><br>
<p>channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)</p><br>
<p>flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris)</p><br>
<p>The lake has set state records for largemouth bass, black crappie and flathead catfish. Other fish are stocked from cold-water fisheries including brown trout and rainbow trout.</p><br>
<p>Jet-skiing, water skiing and boating are also allowed. Individuals who are not members of the San Carlos Apache tribe who wish to use the lake must contact the tribal office for a permit since the lake is on tribal land.</p><br>
<p>Soda Canyon Point Campground is located on the north side of the lake. Since the lake level varies greatly during the summer, visitors are advised to call the San Carlos Apache Recreation & Wildlife Department to determine the current lake level.</p><br>
<p>The Alwen Reservoir or Cronfa Alwen is a 5 km long reservoir near Pentre-Llyn-Cymmer in Conwy County Borough, Wales. The bulk of the reservoir lies in Cerrigydrudion community, while the northern arm forms the boundary between Pentrefoelas, to the west, and Llansannan and Nantglyn, to the north and east. It is held back by the 27 metre high Alwen Dam, which impounds the Afon Alwen, and is 8 km downstream from Llyn Alwen. It was built between 1909 and 1921, originally to supply water to the town of Birkenhead, near Liverpool in England. Today it is part of the River Dee regulation system and is operated by Welsh Water.</p><br>
<p>The dam is a gravity-arch masonry dam. The "first stone" of the dam records that the engineers were Sir Alex. Binnie, Son and Deacon and the contractors were Sir Robert McAlpine. A large water treatment facility was built below the dam, and a cast iron underground aqueduct laid to Birkenhead. The original water treatment buildings are still standing, but the equipment inside has long gone, replaced by modern plant in a new building.</p><br>
<p>The operators, Welsh Water have a scheme to teach children about the importance of water, linked to the National Curriculum Key Stage 2 and offer an on-site classroom and guided tours of the water treatment works to schools. The nearby Outdoor Education Centre at Pentre-Llyn-Cymmer accommodates children during school trips.</p><br>
<p>The reservoir is very close to Llyn Brenig. It is at the end of a valley, and has no through routes around it for vehicles. However the reservoir has an extensive network of trails (public foot paths as well as forest roads suitable for horse riding, mountain biking and walking).</p><br>
<p>Footpaths around the reservoir were upgraded in 2005 and 2006, providing better access to the general public and allowing greater exploration of the North and South Alwen forests.</p><br>
<p>Fishing is permitted through permit (which can be purchased from the visitors centre at the nearby Llyn Brenig visitors centre).</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access is via the B4501, turning north off the A5 at Cerrig-y-drudion.</p><br>
<p>Kongsfjorden  is an inlet on the west coast of Spitsbergen, an island which is part of the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. The inlet is 26 km long and ranges in width from 6 to 14 km . Two glaciers, Kronebreen and Kongsvegen, head the fjord.</p><br>
<p>The coal-mining town of Ny-Ålesund is located on its southern shore and is one of only 4 permanent settlements on Spitsbergen. It is also a popular shore break for cruises although it is worried that tourism may cause interference with the sensitive scientific devices in the settlement.</p><br>
<p>Kongsfjorden was originally named Deer Sound by Jonas Poole (1610), and was known as such by the English whalers until at least 1658. Giles and Rep (c. 1710) were the first to name it Koninks Bay. William Scoresby (1820) repeats this error by naming it Kings Bay, while he moves Deer Sound to a bay in the northeast of the fjord. Modern cartographers have simply repeated this error.</p><br>
<p>Bhimtal Lake is a lake in the town of Bhimtal, in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, with a masonry dam built in 1883 creating the storage facility.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The lake and the dam are located at an elevation of 1,375 m in Bhimtal town in the Nainital district in Uttarakhand.</p><br>
<p>According to geologists the origin of the lake is attributed to a number of faults which occurred due to shifting of the earth&#39;s crust. This caused blockade of the overland flows and resulted in creation of the lake. The catchment area of the lake, particularly the hills have dense forest cover; the type of forest vegetation consists of chir pine, ban oak and mixed deciduous forests. The basin experiences varying tropical to sub-tropical weather conditions. Precipitation in the basin is very high, mostly occurring during the monsoon period.</p><br>
<p>A peripheral road on the banks of the lake provides clear views of fish life in the lake. The lake has steep banks covered with shingle at lower elevations and bushes and grass at higher elevations. The western side of the lake is a forest area where cottages have been built; while on the opposite side there are terraced fields. A perennial tributary stream feeds the lake from the west and the banks of this stream have been extensively developed with residential complexes, after Indian Independence, which has brought in shale and debris into the lake, and this process is said to be still continuing. There is a small shopping centre on the southern shore of the lake. A small sanitarium on the northern shore of the lake at 1,525 m elevation is said to be free from malaria and hence healthy. There is also a prison camp which was established in 1902 here at the northern end of the lake to house prisoners of the Boer war.</p><br>
<p>It is 22.5 km away from the district town of Nainital. Kathgodam is the nearest rail-head which is 20 km away.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The dam was built in 1883</p><br>
<p>The town and the lake are named after Bhima, one of the Pandavas of the epic story of Mahabharata who is said to have visited the place. On the banks of the dam there is an old temple which was built by Raja Baj Bahadur Chand of Kumaon Kingdom during the 17th century.</p><br>
<h2>Features</h2><br>
<p>The "C" shaped lake, Lake water which is generally clear, gets a brown coloration during some months as a result of infused animalcule. According to a local myth the coloration disappears once the lake claims a victim. The stored water is released through an outlet leading to the Gola River which is utilized to supplement the flows of the Bhabar canals. As the reservoir water is released, the water surface area of the lake gets reduced, when the water getting released, by 36 ft with consequent reduction of the size of the reservoir to half its original spread. Water quality of the lake is in a "retrogressive ecological change" on account of a) sewage disposal, sediment inflow, and tourists&#39; pressure causing waste disposal. This has resulted in dissolved oxygen level recorded at harmful levels to both domestic consumption and pisciculture. Nitrate level is also stated to be high at 350 mg per liter which is considered a "pre-eutriphication stage". In the bed of the lake there are deposits of injurious matter and as a result fish mortality rate is high and the quality of drinking water has also suffered.</p><br>
<p>As the lake water is polluted with organic matter, it is in a mesotrophic state due to disposal of sewage directly into the lake from the residential complex built around the periphery of the lake. It has now been planned to build a sewer line around the periphery of the lake to trap all the sewage from the residential areas and prevent it from entering the lake. A treatment plant to treat the waste water is also part of the waste water treatment process.</p><br>
<p>The picturesque island at the middle of the lake has recreation facilities including an aquarium and is approached by rowing boats.</p><br>
<h2>Dam</h2><br>
<p>The dam which has created the lake is a masonry structure built at the center to a height of 48.5 ft. It has a length 500 ft. The base of the dam at the center has a width of 36 ft which reduces to a top width of 10 ft. The dam is designed to pass a flood discharge of 45 m3/s through a chute spillway which is fitted with 12 gates. The dam is located in the Seismic Zone IV.</p><br>
<h2>Wildlife</h2><br>
<p>Wildlife seen around the lake are barking deer, Kalij pheasants, Koklass pheasants white-capped laughingthrush and migratory ducks and geese.</p><br>
<h2>Fisheries</h2><br>
<p>The fish species found in the lake are common snowtrout, catla, rohu, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Also recorded in the lake waters are Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and major carps (Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala and catla catla). A fish farm has been set up in the Bhima Tal. Every year large fish yields from the lake are of Mahseer, and Tor putitora) species. It is essential to get the permission of the Deputy Commissioner to fish in the lake.</p><br>
<p>Cronulla Beach , is a patrolled beach on Bate Bay, in Cronulla, New South Wales, Australia. The Cronulla Pavilion and the Cronulla Lifesaving Club are two prominent buildings located close to the sand. Cronulla Park sits behind the beach. The Cronulla Rock Pools are between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla beach. The Alley is the local name given to the area between Cronulla Beach and North Cronulla Beach. Shark Island is a dangerous reef break, located off Cronulla Beach.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Cronulla is derived from an Aboriginal word kurranulla, meaning place of pink seashells.</p><br>
<h2>Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club</h2><br>
<p>The Cronulla Surf Life Saving Club, was one of the first surf clubs established in Australia in 1907. The club started out in a tram carriage and today it is housed in an art deco building on the beachfront, that was built in 1940.</p><br>
<p>Cronulla is one of the largest and strongest clubs in the surf life saving movement with 1,200 members, including 620 in its nipper ranks. Many lifesavers volunteer their time to patrol the beaches during the season from late September to late April. Cronulla has won three World Championships encompassing all rescue and Surf Life Saving competition and has consistently placed in the top 10 clubs at the Australian championships over the past 20 years.</p><br>
<h2>Sport and recreation</h2><br>
<p>The Australian Boardriders Battle and Shark Island Challenge are held on Cronulla Beach.</p><br>
<h2>Pop culture</h2><br>
<p>Cronulla beach came to international prominence with the novel and film Puberty Blues.</p><br>
<p>Reservoir Hill, also known as Whitelock, is a neighborhood in the city of Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is located south of Druid Hill Park, north of Bolton Hill, east of Penn-North, and west of Jones Falls. It is bounded by Druid Park Lake Drive, the Jones Falls Expressway, North Avenue , and McCulloh Street. It is contained in the 21217 ZIP code.</p><br>
<h2>About the area</h2><br>
<p>Reservoir Hill has some of the best examples of Victorian, Italianate and Second Empire style homes in Baltimore. The housing stock features a wide variety of nineteenth century architecture, including ornate Victorian mansions overlooking the Druid Hill Park, brownstones, and the smaller brick rowhouses that characterize much of Baltimore. Part of Reservoir Hill is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Although restoration efforts have brought new life to portions of the area, many houses are in poor condition.</p><br>
<p>Portions of Reservoir Hill are within easy walking distance of the North Avenue station on the Baltimore Light Rail line and the Penn-North station on the Baltimore Metro Subway, as well as Pennsylvania Station on Amtrak&#39;s Northeast Corridor.</p><br>
<p>During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Baltimore was the second largest port for immigrants coming to the United States behind Ellis Island of New York, and many of these immigrants lived in Reservoir Hill. Many came over from the Russian Empire (mostly Jews and Ukrainians), and certain parts of Reservoir Hill housed many migrants from other parts of Eastern Europe.</p><br>
<p>A synagogue originally built in Reservoir Hill by the Chizuk Amuno Congregation in 1922 is now the home of Beth Am, one of two non-orthodox Jewish congregations located in Baltimore.</p><br>
<h3>Mount Royal</h3><br>
<p>A section of Reservoir Hill is known as Mount Royal. It is just across North Avenue from Bolton Hill and close to the Jones Falls. It is generally more expensive and contains very well preserved homes. A portion of this has been declared the Mount Royal Terrace Historic District by Baltimore City.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Writer Gertrude Stein lived in Reservoir Hill for a short period of time on Linden Avenue, near Whitelock Street in what is also called the David Bachrach House.</p><br>
<p>Pulitzer Prize winning poet Karl Shapiro was born on Brooks Lane in Reservoir Hill. Shapiro was appointed the fifth Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Soviet spies Alger Hiss and Whittaker Chambers lived in the area. Hiss grew up on 1427 Linden Avenue. Chambers lived on Mount Royal Terrace just prior to his defection from the Soviet Underground in April 1938. Earlier in the 1930s, he lived on Eutaw Place. Spy photographer Felix Inslerman worked for Chambers and lived on Callow Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Mt. Royal Terrace (1890-1940)</h2><br>
<p>The Baltimore City directories from Enoch Pratt Free Library indicate that many residents of Mt. Royal lived in their homes for several decades. It was a community based neighborhood where everyone knew each other. The Baltimore City directories also show that many residents were employees of blue collar companies. Many people from these blocks were either factory workers, construction workers, electricians, police officers, nurses, etc. The historical Baltimore Sun contains a vast amount of information regarding residents of Mt. Royal Terrace between 1890 - 1940.</p><br>
<p>Many residents of Mt. Royal lived quiet hard working lives. One man named Samuel W. Filbert is an example of a common Mt. Royal resident. Filbert resided on 2200 Mt. Royal Terrace with his wife "Miss May (Filbert). Samuel, like many of the Mt. Royal residents worked a rigorous blue collar job as a construction worker for the "Filbert Paving and Construction Company." It was a family owned business located in Baltimore. Samuel was the General manager of the company until he joined the military. Like many young men, Filberts career was affected by World War I. Filbert became a soldier in the 4th Maryland Regiment where he would soon be promoted to Lieutenant - Colonel of the infantry. Filbert became a very decorated military figure in the Mt. Royal area. He was held several titles in the 4th Regiment of Maryland including Captain and Lieutenant - Colonel.</p><br>
<p>Samuel W. Filbert represented the common lifestyle of a resident in not only the Mt. Royal area, but Baltimore city during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The people in these areas were very hard working, communal, and loyal to the area. Many of the residents passed their homes off to their children, nephews, and nieces. 1890 - 1940 was a hard time in American History. The Great Depression greatly affected many lives during the 1920s, 30s and 40s. Many residents of Baltimore lost job opportunities. Many young men took advantage of joining the military. The Filbert Paving and Construction Company went out of business right after the stock market crash of 1929. Samuel Filbert elected to join the military in order to earn some type of wage. In the military he was fortunate enough to become very successful. Despite The Great Depression, Mt. Royal still remained very much alive.</p><br>
<h3>Upper Eutaw Madison</h3><br>
<p>The Upper Eutaw Madison neighborhood is also designated as an historic district. It is located on the western side of Reservoir Hill. This neighborhood includes many grand houses on Eutaw Place and Madison Avenue, as well three large historic apartment buildings that are located directly across from Druid Hill Park on Madison and Eutaw. Chauncey Brooks&#39; mansion Cloverdale was once located in this area.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>Population: 5,600 (According to the 2010 Census)</p><br>
<p>Black/African-American: 88.0%</p><br>
<p>White/Caucasian: 9.0%</p><br>
<p>Two or More Races 2.0%</p><br>
<p>Asian/Pacific Islander: 0.4%</p><br>
<p>Native American: 0.5%</p><br>
<p>Other 0.1%</p><br>
<p>Muztagh Ata, or Muztagata , is the second highest  of the mountains which form the northern edge of the Tibetan Plateau . It is sometimes regarded as being part of the Kunlun Shan, although physically it is more closely connected to the Pamirs. It is also one of the relatively easier 7,000 m peaks in the world to climb, due to its gentle western slope and the comparatively drier weather of Xinjiang, though a thorough acclimatization period and a very strong physical condition are crucial for success.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Muztagh Ata (Turkish: Muz Dag (modern pronunciation Buz Dag as in "men" versus "ben"- where Oguz Kaan lost his horse according to the legend) lies just south of Kongur Tagh, the highest peak of this somewhat isolated range that is separated from the main chain of the Kunlun by the large Yarkand River valley, and thus generally included in the "Eastern Pamirs". Not far to the north and east of this group are the lowlands of the Tarim Basin and the Taklamakan Desert. The Karakoram Highway passes very close to both peaks as well as Karakul Lake, from which the mountain is conveniently viewed. The closest city is to the mountain is Tashkurgan, the westernmost town in China and very close to the border with Pakistan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to Michael Witzel, "the Ṛgveda mentions the mountain Mūjavant (“Having Mūja”), from where the best soma comes. A Muža tribe is also found in the Avesta in an eastern area that has vedic-like names. The name seems to survive as the impressive 7,549-meter-high Muzh Tagh Ata Mountain in the Kirghiz and Sariqoli (Saka) lands of southwestern Xinjiang."</p><br>
<p>The Swedish explorer and geographer Sven Hedin made the first recorded attempt to climb Muztagh Ata, in 1894. Additional attempts were made in 1900, 1904 and 1947, the last by the team of Eric Shipton and Bill Tilman who came very close to the summit but were turned back due to cold and deep snow.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the peak was in 1956 by a large party of Chinese and Soviet climbers (including Liu Lianman) led by E.A. Beletskiy, via the west ridge, which is now the standard route.</p><br>
<p>Since the first ascent, many ascents of Muztagh Ata have been made. In 1980, a party led by Ned Gillette made a ski ascent/descent of the standard route, the first ski ascent of a mountain over 7,500 m. An ascent of the much harder south-east ridge was made in 2000, and a secondary route at the west side of the mountain was first climbed in the summer of 2005. Sweden&#39;s Anneli Wester camped on the summit in 2011 after climbing the mountain solo and in alpine style.</p><br>
<p>Cuicocha  is a 3 km wide caldera and crater lake at the foot of Cotacachi Volcano in the Cordillera Occidental of the Ecuadorian Andes.</p><br>
<p>Its name comes from the Kichwa indigenous language and means "Lago del Cuy" or Guinea Pig Laguna in English. It was given this name due to the guinea pig shape of the largest Island in the middle of the laguna. These animals play a significant part in the everyday life of Ecuadorians, as they reproduce rapidly and need a minimum of food and care to survive. They make for a high protein meal especially for populations living in high altitude.</p><br>
<p>The caldera was created by a massive eruption about 3100 years ago that generated about 5 cubic kilometres (6.54 billion cubic yards) of pyroclastic flow and covered the surrounding area in volcanic ash up to 20 cm (8 inches) deep. The volcano has been dormant since that time. In combination with other eruptions from nearby Imbabura, Mojanda, Cotacachi, and Cayambe, Cuicocha is responsible for the fertile soil of the Otavalo Valley.</p><br>
<p>The Cuicocha Lake, a crater lake within the Cuicocha caldera contains four dacitic lava domes which form two steep forested islands: Yerovi, the smaller, and Teodoro Wolf, the larger. People are prohibited on both. The rim of the caldera is extremely steep &mdash; so steep, in fact, that the accumulation of sediment is insufficient for most hydrophyte vegetation. An older lava dome from the Pleistocene forms part of the eastern rim. The lake, which is 200 m (656 ft) deep at its deepest point, is highly alkaline and contains little life. It has no known outlet.</p><br>
<p>The intra-caldera islands, on the other hand, support some wildlife, most notably the silvery grebe, which lives around the reeds and feeds on small fish, frogs, crayfish, small water snakes, seeds of water plants, and insects. The bird is found in upper temperate and lower páramo zones throughout the Andes, but little is known about the species. In 1974 a census was taken of the population of grebes at Cuicocha and 44 birds were found.</p><br>
<p>Cuicocha forms the southern end of the Cotacachi-Cayapas Ecological Reserve. During the second day of Inti Raymi (or Sun Festival) every summer solstice, indigenous shaman use Cuicocha as a bath for ritual cleansing and purification.</p><br>
<p>Møsvatn  is tenth-largest lake in Norway with a surface area of 78.31 km. It lies primarily Møsstrond, Vinje in Telemark. The lake lies in the watershed of the Skien river  and discharges into the Måna river. Along the shores of the lake, many traces of stone age settlers can be found. It is 919 meters above sea level and regulated to use for hydroelectric production. Some of Norway’s highest mountain farms can be found here as well.</p><br>
<p>On 19 November 1942, as part of the efforts to sabotage German heavy water production, gliderborne troops were to land on the frozen lake Møsvatn near the Vemork hydroelectric plant, run by Norsk Hydro, near Rjukan. This effort was not successful; however ultimately the Norwegians stopped the heavy water production activities and helped limit the German nuclear weapons research program.</p><br>
<p>The museum and visitor&#39;s centre Hardangervidda Natursenter is located close to the lake. From Skinnarbu there is a boattrip with the MB Fjellvåken to Mogen.</p><br>
<p>The AN/FPS-35 radar was a long range radar used in the early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Sperry Corporation built 12 long range radars (picking up objects 200 miles away) in the 1960s to succeed existing Semi Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) to provide enhanced electronic countermeasures (ECM). The systems operated at 420 to 450 MHz. The antennas weighed 70 to 80 ST and had numerous problems. The concrete tower bases were 84 ft high and 60 ft square in side dimensions.</p><br>
<p>The prototype was developed at the Thomasville Aircraft Control and Warning Station in Thomasville, Alabama. All of the radars have been dismantled except for the one at Camp Hero on the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. Fishermen on the Atlantic Ocean and Block Island Sound lobbied to save it since the massive radar tower was a better daytime landmark than the Montauk Point Lighthouse.</p><br>
<p>The radar complex is now part of Camp Hero State Park which adjoins Montauk Point State Park. The radar has worked its way into an urban legend that it was used in time travel experiments called the Montauk Project.</p><br>
<p>The structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>The 85 foot enclosed radar towers that supported all 12 of the FPS-35 antennas were prominent landmarks. All these radar towers were of the same basic design with 10 made primarily from concrete and two based on a steel frame structure (Baker and Finley). Only the radar tower at Baker has been demolished. The AN/FPS-35 at Montauk was the last to operate (Jan 1981) and the radar tower is the only one that still has an antenna on the roof and contains some of the radar set equipment and cabinets. The antenna was repaired with parts from Sault St Marie after this station closed in Oct 1979. Presently The Montauk antenna is very corroded and can not be rotated.</p><br>
<p>The 23 radar towers used by the AN/FPS-24 and the AN/FPS-35 radar sets were of similar designs (concrete or steel frame) and were designed under the direction of the Rome Air Development Center (RADC). The radar tower at Thomasville has an RADC plaque next to the one from the Sperry Corporation. Only the AN/FPS-35 tower at Baker included a radome to protect the antenna. This radome was attached to a separate steel tower called a Radome Support Structure (RSS) that surrounded the radar tower to its full height of 85 feet.</p><br>
<p>AL Thomasville 31.9382&deg; latitude, -87.7502&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>CA Boron 35.0823&deg; latitude, -117.5823&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>MI Sault St Marie 46.4565&deg; latitude, -84.3878&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>MI Selfridge 42.6275&deg; latitude, -82.8300&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>NV Fallon 39.4054&deg; latitude, -118.7224&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>NY Montauk 41.0622&deg; latitude, -71.8740&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>ND Finley 47.5161&deg; latitude, -97.8687&deg; longitude (steel tower, present)</p><br>
<p>ND Fortuna 48.9042&deg; latitude, -103.8665&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>PA Benton 41.3574&deg; latitude, -76.2930&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>VA Manassas 38.6288&deg; latitude, -77.4385&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>WI Antigo 45.048333&deg; latitude, -89.233889&deg; longitude</p><br>
<p>OR Baker 44.586389&deg; latitude, -117.787222&deg; longitude (steel tower, demolished)</p><br>
<p>Chilnualna Falls is a series of waterfalls totaling 690 feet , located on Chilnualna Creek in the southern section of Yosemite National Park.</p><br>
<p>The falls are a popular horseback riding destination. Chilnualna Falls consists of five tiers ranging from 30–300 feet (9–91 m) in height. The first tier is 90–120 feet (27–36 m) high. The second is a 30-foot (9 m) high cascade. The third and largest is 300 feet (91 m) high. The fourth is 60 feet (18 m) high. The final tier is a 180–210 foot (54–64 m) high cascade.</p><br>
<p>The trailhead to the falls is in the eastern extremity of Wawona, at the end of Chilnualna Creek Road. The trailhead elevation is approximately 4,000 feet (1,200 m), and the trail reaches the main portion of the waterfall at 6,200 feet (1,900 m).</p><br>
<p>Lehamite Falls is located in Yosemite National Park. It consists of a long series of steep cascades that fall 1,180 ft into Yosemite Valley, in a manner similar to Sentinel Fall. The falls are located in a small cleft in the north wall of the valley known as Indian Canyon, immediately to the right of Yosemite Falls and seen above Yosemite Village. "Lehamite" is a native word for “arrowwood".</p><br>
<p>Lehamite Falls is probably the most underappreciated significant waterfall in Yosemite National Park, simply because its located almost right next to Yosemite Falls, so people dont usually pay any attention to it. It is also little known since the falls appear only in the early spring or after a heavy rainfall. It is one of the few features in the park that has retained its original Ahwaneechee name.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Hills is a neighborhood in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It is located off Kingston Pike between the city&#39;s downtown area and West Knoxville. Initially developed in the 1920s, Sequoyah Hills was one of Knoxville&#39;s first suburbs, and today is home to some of the city&#39;s most affluent residents. The neighborhood contains numerous notable examples of mid-20th century residential architecture, with houses designed by architects such as Charles I. Barber, Benjamin McMurry, and Francis Keally.</p><br>
<p>Originally an agrarian area known as Looneys Bend, the modern Sequoyah Hills neighborhood is largely rooted in the development efforts of 1920s-era visionary entrepreneurs E. V. Ferrell, who developed the Scenic Drive area, and Robert L. Foust, who established the "Talahi" subdivision in the vicinity of Cherokee Boulevard and Talahi Drive. Foust and Ferrell advertised their respective developments as utopian getaways where Knoxvilles elite could escape from the ills of congested city life. While the Great Depression led to the financial collapse of the Talahi project and Foust&#39;s subsequent suicide, Sequoyah Hills nevertheless continued to develop over the years as Foust had envisioned.</p><br>
<p>Cherokee Boulevard was home to Knoxvilles first Dogwood Arts Trail, which was established in 1955. In 1979, the Talahi Improvements, which consist of several early landscape elements from Fousts Talahi development, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Sequoyah Hills is located on a peninsula created by a bend of the Tennessee River known as Looneys Bend. The neighborhood is bounded by the river on the east, south, and west, and by Kingston Pike (US-70/US-11) on the north, though the Kingston Pike/Sequoyah Hills Neighborhood Association includes several streets just north of Kingston Pike. The area is generally hilly, with a 10 to 15-foot bluff rising above the rivershore along most of the neighborhoods southern edge. From the edge of the bluff, the land gradually slopes upward, reaching approximately 40 ft above the river, affording houses along the upper slopes sweeping views of the river and Knoxville in the distance.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Park, which occupies most of the south side of the neighborhood, lies in the floodplain between the rivershore and base of the bluff. Cherokee Boulevard, a true boulevard with a grassy median dividing the right and left lanes, runs in a U-shape around the edge of the peninsula. The other main road, Scenic Drive/Southgate Road, runs roughly north-to-south across the center of the peninsula. A small commercial center, known as Council Point, is concentrated around the intersection of Kenesaw and Keowee avenues.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>What is now Sequoyah Hills was inhabited by Native Americans as early as the Late Woodland period (c. 500&ndash;1100 A.D.), as indicated by a 1,000-year-old Indian mound that rises in the median of Cherokee Boulevard. By the 18th century, the area was under control of the Cherokee, whose Overhill towns lay along the Little Tennessee River to the southwest. The neighborhood&#39;s eponym, Sequoyah, was born in the Overhill town of Tuskegee around 1767.</p><br>
<p>In 1796, Moses Looney (1750&ndash;1817), who had served in various capacities with the failed State of Franklin during the 1780s, acquired a 700 acre tract of land in what is now Sequoyah Hills. He and his descendants would remain on this land for several decades, and the area became known as "Looneys Bend." Other early landowners in the Sequoyah Hills area included future Knoxville mayor James Park, who purchased a 200 acre tract in 1804, William Lyon, who built a house and mill near the modern intersection of Lyons View Pike and Northshore Drive around 1810, and Drury Armstrong (builder of Crescent Bend), who acquired a large tract of land west of modern Scenic Drive in 1846.</p><br>
<p>The oldest house in Sequoyah Hills, which currently stands at 715 Scenic Drive, was originally built in the 1850s as a tenant house on the farm of Allen Johnson (1808&ndash;1898). Around 1814, George White, a son-in-law of James Park and a grandson of Knoxville founder James White, built a house along what is now Woodhill Drive. While this house is no longer standing, the remnants of a barn that accompanied the house can be seen on along Scenic Drive.</p><br>
<h3>Early development</h3><br>
<p>In 1890, Francis Huger, superintendent of the East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railway, acquired over 450 acre in Sequoyah Hills with the intent of moving a steel mill to the area. The Panic of 1893 doomed this venture, however, and the land was distributed to Hugers creditors in 1908. Knox County road commissioner Peter Blow (1854&ndash;1945) built a house on the south bank of the river opposite Sequoyah Hills in 1910, where he operated a ferry. Blows Ferry Road, which connected the ferry to Kingston Pike, is believed to have been built along a trail that once accessed a cemetery containing the graves of Civil War soldiers and slaves.</p><br>
<p>In 1907, several Knoxville businessmen established the Cherokee Country Club on Lyons View Pike, and erected a clubhouse on a hill with a commanding view of the river valley and the Great Smoky Mountains beyond. This original clubhouse was eventually demolished, and replaced with the current building, designed by the noted Knoxville architectural firm Baumann and Baumann, in 1928. In 1913, trolley tracks were extended along Kingston Pike to its Lyons View Pike junction, aiding in the development of the area. What is now Sequoyah Hills was annexed by Knoxville in 1917.</p><br>
<p>With the advent of the automobile, affluent Knoxvillians began fleeing the congested urban neighborhoods for more spacious areas on the citys periphery. By 1920, several elegant residences, such as the H.L. Dulin House (1915) on Kingston Pike and the C. Powell Smith (1913) and E.C. Mahan (1920) residences on Lyons View Pike, had been built near Sequoyah Hills. In 1921, Regal Manufacturing president S. D. Coykendall commissioned noted Knoxville architectural firm Barber & McMurry to build a house on what is now Scenic Drive.</p><br>
<h3>Talahi and Sequoyah Hills</h3><br>
<p>In the mid-1920s, E. V. Ferrell began major residential development in Sequoyah Hills. To connect his holdings along the peninsula, he built Cherokee Boulevard (named for the Indian mound in the road&#39;s median), and improved Scenic Drive as far as its modern intersection with Bluff and Southgate (a gate at this point inspired the name of the latter). Ferrell chose the name "Sequoyah Hills" to match the name of Cherokee Boulevard. By 1924, houses had been built at 901, 919, 927 and 937 Scenic Drive, and fifty lots had been sold by the end of the decade.</p><br>
<p>In 1926, Robert Foust, a partner in the real estate firm Alex McMillan Company, purchased a 100 acre tract of land on the southeast section of Looney&#39;s Bend with plans to develop a premier subdivision for Knoxville. Foust envisioned a neighborhood for those "who insist upon and can afford the best," and where "all the ugliness of city life has been shut out." He named the new subdivision "Talahi," Cherokee for "standing oak forest." The new neighborhood, Foust believed, would bring together "an Indian past, a technical future, and a natural forest setting."</p><br>
<p>Foust recruited landscape engineer Earle S. Draper to oversee Talahis complex landscape designs. The plans called for curvilinear streets, preservation of mature trees wherever possible, and underground utilities. Lot sizes were to be no less than 5,000 square feet, and were restricted to single-family homes. Fousts restrictions called for all houses to be built in English Cottage or American Colonial Revival styles (this restriction was abandoned by subsequent developers). A country club was to be built along the river bank.</p><br>
<p>Between 1927 and 1929, Foust constructed several landscape features, including entrance pylons, fountains, and a park (Papoose Park). Talahi was opened to sales in the Spring of 1929. Unfortunately, only one lot&mdash; 940 Cherokee Boulevard&mdash; was sold before the stock market crashed later that year. In the early 1930s, lots in Talahi, originally marketed in the $4,000 to $10,000 range, were selling for just $600. His finances in ruins, Foust committed suicide in September 1933.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings and structures</h2><br>
<h3>Talahi Improvements</h3><br>
<p>Before the stock market crash ruined his development efforts in 1929, Foust managed to complete several landscape improvements in the proposed Talahi subdivision. These include gateposts at either end of the subdivision along Cherokee Boulevard, two fountains, a park, streetlight standards, and stone benches. The roads were originally paved in concrete, which has been preserved along parts of Talahi Drive, Iskagna Drive, and Taliluna Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The Talahi Improvements are concentrated primarily between the intersections of Talahi Drive and Cherokee Boulevard and Talahi Drive and Taliluna Avenue, with islands in both intersections containing the two fountains, called "Sunhouse Fountain" and "Panther Fountain," respectively. Papoose Park, which is surrounded by an iron fence, is situated in the median along Talahi Drive between the two intersections. Stone walls with inset benches form a broken circle around the Cherokee Boulevard/Talahi Drive intersection, with the north walls opening toward Papoose Park, and the south walls opening toward the lake, where the proposed country club was to have been built.</p><br>
<p>Sunhouse Fountain is a circular stone fountain with twelve small posts, each decorated with a sunburst motif, and each originally surmounted by a bronze frog (the frogs have since been removed). Panther Fountain is a circular fountain with a central obelisk resting atop a base of varying geometric shapes. Water was discharged through panther heads on each of the four sides of the base. Cherokee motifs decorate the gateposts, pylons, and fountains, suggesting inspiration from both Cherokee folklore and the Art Deco movement&#39;s emphasis on abstract figures.</p><br>
<h3>Houses</h3><br>
<p>The Jenkins House on Cherokee Boulevard, built in 1955 and designed by noted Knoxville architect Ben McMurry, Jr., of the firm Barber & McMurry. In 2008, the magazine Oxford American profiled this house in its list of the best modern homes of the southeast.</p><br>
<p>University of Tennessee presidents house (940 Cherokee Boulevard), a Georgian Revival-style house built by Nashville surgeon Walter S. Nash in the 1930s after the Nash family home in downtown Knoxville was demolished for the construction of the Knoxville Post Office. Nash purchased the sole lot in Talahi before the company collapsed into financial ruin. The University of Tennessee purchased the house in 1960 from Nashs son-in-law and daughter, Ray Jenkins and Eva Nash Jenkins, and used it as its presidential mansion until 2009.</p><br>
<p>Thomas House (715 Scenic Drive), the oldest extant house in Sequoyah Hills, originally built in the 1850s as a tenant house on the farm of Allen Johnson. The Towle family purchased the farm in 1899, and in turn sold it to developer N.E. Logan in 1923.</p><br>
<p>726 Scenic Drive, a one-story Minimal Traditional-style Gunnison home built in 1948. Gunnison homes were a type of prefabricated house popular in the years following World War II.</p><br>
<p>934 Scenic Drive, a 2.5-story Tudor Revival-style house built in 1928, and designed by landscape architect Elizabeth Dunlap.</p><br>
<p>937 Scenic Drive, a two-story Neoclassical-style house built in 1924, and designed by the architectural firm Barber & McMurry.</p><br>
<p>1029 Scenic Drive, a two-story Neoclassical-style house built in 1930, and designed by the architectural firm Barber & McMurry.</p><br>
<p>Lockett House (1065 Scenic Drive), a two-story Neoclassical style house built in 1931, and designed by the architectural firm Baumann and Baumann. The property includes an old log cabin moved from Jefferson County.</p><br>
<p>1079 Scenic Drive, a two-story art moderne house built in 1935, and designed by landscape architect Elizabeth Dunlap.</p><br>
<p>1119 Scenic Drive, a 1.5-story Tudor Revival-style house built in 1940, and designed by noted architect Francis Keally.</p><br>
<h3>Other buildings</h3><br>
<p>Sequoyah Elementary School, the original part of which (facing Sagwa Drive) was built in 1929, and designed by the architectural firm Barber McMurry.</p><br>
<p>Sequoyah Hills Presbyterian Church, founded in 1947; the current church building was completed in 1954.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Notable residents of Sequoyah Hills have included Senator Howard H. Baker, Jr., businessman Jim Clayton (owner of Clayton Homes), author Alex Haley, members of the Haslam family including Gov. Bill Haslam, author Cormac McCarthy, actress Patricia Neal, Tennessee Volunteers football coach Robert R. Neyland, actor David Keith, Knoxville mayors George Roby Dempster and Benjamin Morton, and photographer James Edward Thompson.</p><br>
<p>Wapama Falls is the larger of two waterfalls located on the northern wall of Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite National Park. It flows almost year-round and during peak flow has been known to inundate the trail bridge crossing its base, making the falls impossible to pass. The falls consist of two primary drops angled roughly 60 degrees to each other, and a broad cascade at its base. Wapama Falls is fed by Lake Vernon, a few miles to the north.</p><br>
<p>Wapama Falls descends just under 1,100 feet. Like Yosemite Falls, it has three distinct parts. The topmost is a free drop of perhaps 300 feet, followed by a steeply-cascading stream which descends 600 feet in a steep-sided gorge, much like the stream between Upper and Lower Yosemite Fall. These cascades cannot be seen in their entirety from the trail: such a view is seen from across the Valley high on Kolana Rock. Finally, the bottom drop, seen from the dam and intimately from the trail, is one of about 200 feet down an escarpment that is not vertical, but in high water the water shoots outward to clear this descent.</p><br>
<p>Visitors can reach Wapama Falls by hiking 2.5 mi up Hetch Hetchy Reservoir Trail from O&#39;Shaughnessy Dam.</p><br>
<p>Ostrander Lake is located in Yosemite National Park, approximately 10 mi south of Yosemite Valley and 10 mi east of the Badger Pass Ski Area, at an elevation of 8,500 ft. The lake is a popular destination for cross-country skiers during the winter. It is the primary source of Bridalveil Creek, which feeds Bridalveil Falls.</p><br>
<h2>Hiking Trail</h2><br>
<p>The hike to Ostrander Lake is a long and strenuous 12.7 mi roundtrip hike starting from the trailhead located just after Bridalveil Creek on the Glacier Point road. The hike begins with a fairly level path through an extensive burned over and regrowth area, with both shaded and sunny areas. The second half of the hike climbs, steeply at times, over 1,500 ft in elevation in about 3 miles. Portions of the 4th and 5th miles are not shady and can make for warm hiking on summer afternoons. Hikers will have a nice view of Clark Range before dropping down to the north shore of the lake. Several excellent campsites can be found on the west side of the lake, particularly on the benches overlooking the rocky ridge that forms the eastern shore backdrop. Fishing is fair for 10-12" rainbow trout. In the summer, the lake is a great backpacking destination because the ski hut is unoccupied but its presence keeps away the hordes of hikers looking for a "wilderness" destination.</p><br>
<p>The lake is named for a descendant of Alexander Ostrander (1783) of Smithfield NY. This branch of Ostrander family settled in Colorado (Georgetown, Granby, Hot Sulphur Springs, Golden) prior to 1872, and some moved from Colorado to California.</p><br>
<h2>The Ostrander Ski Hut</h2><br>
<p>The Ostrander Ski Hut is a two story stone structure built in 1941 by the Civilian Conservation Corps specifically for cross-country skiers. It was intended to be part of a larger system of winter trails and huts along the Sierra Crest that never were developed.</p><br>
<p>The hut sits in a small glacial cirque at the edge of Ostrander Lake. Very basic overnight accommodations and cooking facilities are available at the hut. It sleeps 25 people and has bunks, mattresses, wood stove, a kitchen with a gas stove for cooking and assorted pots and pans available for the visitors use. Drinking and wash water is hauled from the lake in buckets; treatment is the individual visitors responsibility. Light is from solar powered lights.</p><br>
<p>In winter, when the Glacier Point Road is closed at Badger Pass Ski area, the trail to Ostrander Ski Hut is ten miles one way. The trip is not for novices. The hut is operated by the Yosemite Conservancy, a non-profit educational organization in Yosemite National Park. It is staffed with a hutmaster during the winter months.</p><br>
<p>Grange Fell is a small fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria, situated in the Borrowdale valley overlooking the villages of Grange in Borrowdale and Rosthwaite.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The fell has a summit plateau which consist of many heather-covered hummocks, drystone walls and clumps of trees. Well-known Lake District writer Alfred Wainwright credits Grange Fell as a single fell with three main summits, namely Brund Fell, Kings How and Ether Knott. The lesser known Ether Knott is now identified as the highest point at a height of 419 metres (1,375 feet) and is less frequently visited by walkers. Brund Fell is at 415 metres (1,363 feet) while Kings How is the best viewpoint and has an altitude of 392 metres (1,286 feet). On the other hand, another Lakes walking expert Bill Birkett lists Brund Fell and King&#39;s How as separate fells in his “Complete Lakeland Fells” volume, while Mark Richards includes all three.</p><br>
<p>There are also two small hills on the fringes of the fell, both unfrequented although they lie on access land. Shepherds Crag above the more famous rockface of that name, adjacent to the Lodore Falls and Hotel, and Grange Crags above Grange.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Grange Fell is owned by the National Trust and was one of its first acquisitions in the Lake District in 1910; the fell was purchased by public subscription as a memorial to King Edward VII at the bequest of the King’s sister Princess Louise, who then was President of the Trust. The magnificent viewpoint of King&#39;s How was named after the King as a memorial, and a commemorative slate plaque is situated just below the summit. It reads:</p><br>
<p>“In Loving Memory of King Edward VII, Grange Fell is dedicated by his sister Louise as a sanctuary of rest and peace. Here may all beings gather strength, find in scenes of beautiful nature a cause for gratitude and love to God, giving them courage and vigour to carry on his will.”</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The geology of the fell is complex with outcropping of various members of the Birker Fell Formation (andesite lavas), the Eagle Crag Member (siltstone and sandstone conglomerates), and intrusions of dolerite.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Ascents of Grange Fell can be started from Rosthwaite, Grange in Borrowdale or Watendlath. The Rosthwaite to Watendlath bridleway can be utilised to its highest point before striking northerly to the summit of Brund Fell following a high dry stone wall for much of the way. The climb from Grange goes through the picturesque deciduous woodland at the foot of the fell and skirts round Greatend Crag before reaching Kings How and is ranked as one of the loveliest short walks in the Lake District. The two principal summits of Brund Fell and Kings How should both be climbed by any visitor to the fell and they are linked by an undulating path through the hillocks.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The main summit bears a number of rock tors, protruding sharply from the heathery plateau. Kings How has a steep sided domed top. Both bear cairns. The view from the top of the fell is quite beautiful: Kings How gives a classic view of Derwentwater with Skiddaw in the background, while Borrowdale and the high fells round its head show well in the opposite direction.</p><br>
<p>Welkinweir is a 197 acre nonprofit arboretum, garden, mansion, and conservation area located at 1368 Prizer Road, East Nantmeal Township, Pennsylvania, United States, near Pottstown. It is part of the Hopewell Big Woods. It is open to the public daily without charge.</p><br>
<p>Welkinweir was the home of Everett and Grace Rodebaugh, founding members of the conservation-minded Green Valleys Association, who bought the site in the 1930s and spent decades improving it. Their house was built in 1940, building upon a much smaller house, built in two sections c. 1750 and c. 1830. The architect Fridtjof Tobiessen designed the 1940 mansion. The property was placed into a conservation easement in 1976, donated to the association in 1997, and is now its headquarters and educational center. In 2001, the estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Its arboretum includes cherry, dogwood, dwarf evergreens, franklinia, magnolia, Japanese maple, swamp and sugar maple, and sweetgum, as well as azaleas and rhododendrons.</p><br>
<p>The Contoocook River is a 71 mi river in New Hampshire. It flows from Pool Pond and Contoocook Lake on the Jaffrey/Rindge border to Penacook , where it empties into the Merrimack River. It is one of only a few rivers in New Hampshire that flow in a predominantly northward direction. Two picturesque covered bridges in Hopkinton and one in Henniker span the Contoocook, as does another on the Hancock-Greenfield line. Residents and tourists have made the Contoocook popular for fishing and whitewater boating.</p><br>
<p>The name Contoocook came from the Pennacook tribe of Native Americans and means "place of the river near pines". Other variations of the name include the Abenaki meaning "nut trees river" or Natick language meaning "small plantation at the river".</p><br>
<p>The river gives its name to Contoocook, New Hampshire, a census-designated place (CDP) within the town of Hopkinton.</p><br>
<h2>Principal tributaries</h2><br>
<p>From south to north:</p><br>
<p>*Nubanusit Brook begins at Nubanusit Lake in Nelson and joins the Contoocook in Peterborough.</p><br>
<p>*The North Branch of the Contoocook starts in Stoddard and joins the main stem in Hillsborough.</p><br>
<p>*The Warner River starts in Bradford and joins the Contoocook in Hopkinton.</p><br>
<p>*The Blackwater River begins at Pleasant Lake in New London and joins the Contoocook in Hopkinton.</p><br>
<p>Sani Pass is a mountain pass located in the West of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa on the road between Underberg, KwaZulu-Natal and Mokhotlong, Lesotho.</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>The route up Sani Pass starts at 1544 m, and climbs 1332 vertical metres to an altitude of 2876 m. The road is a steep gravel road with gradients up to 1:3, which can be difficult to drive in bad weather and may be covered with snow and ice in winter. By South African law only 4x4 vehicles are allowed on the road. Occasionally the remains of vehicles that did not succeed in navigating the pass&#39;s steep gradients and poor traction surfaces can be seen.</p><br>
<h2>Road upgrades</h2><br>
<p>The Sani Pass dirt road will be upgraded in two phases; phase 1 extending for 14 km from the P318 (Sani Pass) turnoff and finishing at the old Good Hope Trading Post, and phase 2 extending from kilometer 14 to kilometer 33, the summit of Sani Pass.</p><br>
<p>An economic impact study for phase 2 was compiled in August 2011. and its environmental impact assessment was compiled in October 2011. On 2 July 2013 the South African Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism approved the execution of phase 2 of the project, with the ultimate objective to re-gravel the final 5 km of the pass. The department also authorized plans to upgrade the storm-water drainage system and retaining walls along the route to reduce sand and gravel erosion.</p><br>
<p>On 21 May 2014 the South African Environmental Affairs Minister, Edna Molewa, approved the execution of phase 2. Tarring was planned to start within five months following the announcement and would bring the total cost of the project to R887-million. In July 2015 it was stated that phase 2 shall be completed in 2019.</p><br>
<h2>Border regulations</h2><br>
<p>While South African emigration at the bottom of the pass prohibits vehicles deemed unsuitable for the journey, the Lesotho border agents at the summit generally allow vehicles of all types to attempt the descent. The pass is often closed due to adverse weather conditions, especially during winter.</p><br>
<p>The respective border control stations open at 6:00 and close at 18:00.</p><br>
<p>The South African/Lesotho border is at the summit of the pass and not at the South African border control point. Sani Pass therefore lies entirely within South Africa.</p><br>
<h2>Television appearances</h2><br>
<p>Sani Pass was recently used in TV commercials for the new Nissan 4x4 and Ford Ranger 4x4 vehicles.</p><br>
<p>Perilous Journeys episode, "The Roof of Africa".</p><br>
<p>Top Gear, Series 23, Episode 2</p><br>
<p>Extreme Frontiers - South Africa</p><br>
<p>Sani Pass 003.jpgSign board</p><br>
<p>Sani pass.jpgThe mountains of the Sani Pass</p><br>
<p>View down into South Africa from top of Sani Pass in Lesotho.jpgView down into South Africa</p><br>
<p>A vehicle on Sani Pass.jpgA vehicle traversing the pass</p><br>
<p>Wolf Lake is an 804 acre lake that straddles the Indiana and Illinois state line near Lake Michigan. It is smaller than it was prior to settlement by people of European descent because of infilling for development around the edges. Despite years of environmental damage caused by heavy industries, transportation infrastructure, urban runoff and filling of wetlands, it is one of the most important biological sites in the Chicago region.</p><br>
<p>Wolf Lake is located between Hammond, Indiana and the Hegewisch community area of Chicago, Illinois. It was once connected by an open channel to Lake Michigan on the Indiana side of the lake, but this channel was cut off for development on its northern side. Indianapolis Boulevard (USA 41) and various railroad and industrial facilities are located in former wetlands on the northeastern side of the lake where it once connected to Lake Michigan. There are currently proposals to reopen a channel between Wolf Lake and Lake Michigan. The Illinois portion of the lake consists of five, interconnected impoundments separated by dikes. The dikes were constructed in the late 1950s so that separate portions of the lake could be drained for the purpose of dredging for fill to use in the construction of the Chicago Skyway. The western impoundments are now part of the William W. Powers State Recreation Area and are drained by Indian Creek to the Calumet River. The Wolf Lake water level determines the drainage to Lake Michigan because the connecting Calumet River flows southward during elevated levels and northward during lowered levels. The Indiana portion of the lake consists of three, interconnected impoundments that are also separated by dikes. The longest dike, running roughly parallel to State Line Road and traversing the entire length of the lake, contains railroad tracks belonging to the Indiana Harbor Belt.</p><br>
<p>The Indiana Toll Road (Interstate 90) runs through the middle of the lake just inside the Indiana state line. The lake is also transected by a number of railroad causeways, some of them no longer in use. Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad has an active spur line that runs through the Illinois side of the lake in the Hegewisch community area. Calumet Avenue (USA 41) is on its eastern side, with a strip of parkland in between. There are currently several large industrial properties adjacent to the lake and on filled wetlands adjoining the lake, including Cargill and Unilever on the north side. Other property near the edge of the lake is being used for housing. A significant portion of the property around the lake is now parkland or nature preserve, including the Eggers Woods parcel of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County.</p><br>
<p>Other neighboring lakes include Lake George, Lake Calumet, Powderhorn Lake and Lake Michigan. There was also another lake that laid to the west between Wolf Lake and the river. It was called Hyde Lake and was filled in by Republic Steel. The swampy area near 130th Street and the railroad tracks is the only remaining portion of the lake.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Lake in Illinois has a storied history that somehow has lost track of the origins of the name that goes back over 150 years. Part of this history includes visits by Abraham Lincoln in which Mary Todd Lincoln nearly drowned.</p><br>
<p>In 1924, the body of Bobby Franks was found in a culvert just northwest of the lake. Franks was the victim of the so-called "thrill killers," Leopold and Loeb – the subjects of what was termed the "Trial of the Century."</p><br>
<p>From 1933 to 1936, Wolf Lake Speedway was located within the lake, in Hammond, Indiana. The track was completely surrounded by the water of Wolf Lake, and a portion of the lake was drained to allow for its construction.</p><br>
<h3>Nike Missile Site (C-44)</h3><br>
<p>During the Cold War, two areas around the lake were used to create Nike missile site C-44, part of an air defense system for Chicago and its heavy industries. It was one of many such sites that formed a ring of defense running from Indiana to Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Both areas were decommissioned in the 1970s and have since been converted into preservation and recreation areas. On the northwest side of the lake, several hundred acres of wetlands were filled with ferrous slag in order to create the actual site for the missiles. This is currently Eggers Woods, part of the Cook County Forest Preserve system. The southwest side of the lake housed the site&#39;s radar station and has been converted into the William W. Powers State Recreation Area in Illinois.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Wolf Lake, along with the other neighboring lakes, was once among the most biologically diverse places in the Midwest. Eighty years ago, the renowned naturalist Donald Culross Peattie described Wolf Lake as one of North America’s preeminent natural areas, “…a famous hunting ground for aquatic wildlife...where the plants form one of the most remarkable assemblages of aquatics in the country...no body of water of equal size can boast such a list.” It is still an extremely unusual and diverse area. On August 23, 2002, more than 150 experts in botany, zoology and related ecological fields assembled at Wolf Lake and in the surrounding forest, prairie and marshland to identify and record as many living organisms as possible within a single 24-hour period. The purpose of this undertaking, known as the Calumet Bioblitz, was to document the extraordinary biodiversity of green pockets that have survived within the urban and industrial landscape south of Chicago.</p><br>
<p>The water in Wolf Lake was about 18 inches higher until 1998 when the Illinois Department of Natural Resources removed several beavers and their dams that had been built across Indian Creek. The subsequent drop in water depth encouraged weed growth and changed fishing conditions. Beaver signs indicate that there are beavers on the lake currently.</p><br>
<h3>Fish</h3><br>
<p>Wolf Lake is home to the endangered Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) and the threatened Banded killifish (Fundulus diaphanus).</p><br>
<h3>Birds</h3><br>
<p>The lake and neighboring wetlands provide nesting sites for the endangered black-crowned night heron, little blue heron, yellow-crowned night heron and yellow-headed blackbird. Native Trumpeter (Cygnus buccinator) and Tundra swans (Cygnus columbianus) and non-native Mute swans (Cygnus olor) may all be found on the lake in winter. Tundra swans are absent in summer as they migrate to the arctic and subarctic to nest, however, the non-native, Eurasian Mute swans, which stay in the area year round, compete for habitat with the non-migrating Trumpeter swan population and is an impediment to restoration of the native trumpeters around the Great Lakes.</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>The endangered false golden sedge (Carex garberi), little green sedge (Carex viridula) and the threatened marsh speedwell (Veronica scutellata) are plants that grow in the neighboring wetlands. Perhaps the most amazing biological aspect of the lake is its array of rare aquatic plants.</p><br>
<h2>Ecosystem Restoration</h2><br>
<p>A $7.25 million ecosystem restoration project for Wolf Lake was carried out by the Chicago District of the USA Army Corps of Engineers, with the support of the Illinois Department of Natural Resources and the City of Hammond. Completed in September 2007, the project sought to improve the overall quality of the lake ecosystem for native species. Natural water levels in the lake were restored by clearing channels and creating openings in dikes and causeways. Additional habitat was created by constructing approximately 25 acre of new aquatic and wetland habitat plantings. Also, approximately 5,000 ft of shoreline was restored, deep holes were created to locally diversify the lake bottom, and herbicidal and biological controls were implemented to control aquatic and shoreline exotic and undesirable plant species.</p><br>
<p>While for many years it was commonplace for park visitors to feed the ducks and other birds that lived at the lake, this produced an unnaturally and unsustainably large population, as well as many non-native birds such as domesticated breeds of ducks and geese. It is no longer permitted that visitors feed wildlife and as a result the populations have dropped to a sustainable and natural population.</p><br>
<p>Hanging Rock , in central Victoria, Australia, is a distinctive geological formation, 718m above sea level  on the plain between the two small townships of Newham and Hesket, approximately 70 km north-west of Melbourne and a few kilometres north of Mount Macedon, a former volcano. Hanging Rock is located within the Wurundjeri nations territory. It is best known through the fictional story Picnic at Hanging Rock.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Hanging Rock is a mamelon, created 6.25 million years ago by stiff magma pouring from a vent and congealing in place. Often thought to be a volcanic plug, it is not. Two other mamelons exist nearby, created in the same period: Camels Hump, to the south on Mount Macedon and, to the east, Croziers Rocks.Alternative names for Croziers Rocks are Brocks Monument, Alexanders Head and Mount Crystal. All three mamelons are made of solvsbergite, a form of trachyte. As Hanging Rock&#39;s magma cooled and contracted it split into rough columns. These weathered over time into the many pinnacles that can be seen today.</p><br>
<p>Hanging Rock contains numerous distinctive rock formations, including the "Hanging Rock" itself (a boulder suspended between other boulders, under which is the main entrance path), the Colonnade, the Eagle and the UFO. The highest point on Hanging Rock is 718 metres above sea level and 105 metres above the plain below. Hanging Rock is located within the Wurundjeri nations territory but they exercised a custodial responsibility on behalf of the surrounding tribes in the Kulin nation. It was a site of male initiation and as such entry was forbidden except those young males being taken there for ceremonial initiation. After colonial settlement the Aboriginal people of the area were quickly dispossessed and forced out of the area by 1844. However one last initiation ceremony was held there in approximately November 1851 by a Wurundjeri Elder from the Templestowe area in the Yarra Valley. This ceremony was also attended by two young settlers children, Willie Chivers, 11, and his younger brother Tom, 7, who were being cared for on a daily basis by the tribe after their mother had died. Their father went missing after looking for their mother.</p><br>
<p>The rocks official name, "Mount Diogenes", was bestowed on it by the surveyor Robert Hoddle in 1844 in keeping with the spirit of several ancient Macedonian names given by Major Thomas Mitchell during his expedition through Victoria in 1836, which passed close to Hanging Rock. Others include Mount Macedon, Mount Alexander and the Campaspe River. One Aboriginal name (Anneyelong) and six European names (Mount Diogenes, Diogenes Head, Diogenes Monument, Drydens Rock, Drydens Monument and Hanging Rock) have been recorded for the site.</p><br>
<h2>Community</h2><br>
<p>Horse races have been held at Hanging Rock for over one hundred years; the Hanging Rock Racing Club holds two race meetings a year on New Year&#39;s Day and Australia Day (26 January).</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Hanging Rock, established in 1987, is a community group which holds events open to the public, such as planting days and wildlife tours.</p><br>
<p>In 2013, the Hanging Rock Action Group was formed by local residents to call for adequate community consultation about the Macedon Ranges Shire Council&#39;s proposal to build a 200-person conference centre and 100 bed hotel in the Eastern Paddock, adjacent to and very visible from the Rock.</p><br>
<p>Hanging Rock is the centrepiece for the Hanging Rock Recreation Reserve, a public reserve managed by the Macedon Ranges Shire Council. The reserve includes a horse racing track, picnic grounds, creek, interpretation centre and cafe. The reserve is a habitat for endemic flora and fauna, including koalas, wallabies, possums, phascogales, wedge-tailed eagles and kookaburras.</p><br>
<p>The reserve is open to the public during daylight hours seven days a week. Entry is charged per vehicle. Camping is possible by arrangement.</p><br>
<p>Hanging Rock Reserve is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register as a place of historical, aesthetic and social significance to the State of Victoria.</p><br>
<p>Hanging Rock Reserve is currently under review by the Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning (Victoria) to determine future governance and administrative arrangements for management of the site.</p><br>
<h2>Influence on the arts</h2><br>
<p>Hanging Rock was the inspiration and setting for the novel Picnic at Hanging Rock, written by Joan Lindsay and published in 1967. The novel dealt with the disappearance of a number of schoolgirls during a visit to the site. Their disappearance was explained in the final chapter, but Lindsay deleted this chapter at the suggestion of her editor, thinking the mystery was greater without it.</p><br>
<p>The novel inspired the film Picnic at Hanging Rock, made in 1975 and directed by Peter Weir. The success of the film was responsible for a substantial increase in visits to the rock and a renewal of interest in the novel. Yvonne Rousseau wrote a book called The Murders at Hanging Rock, published in 1980, which examined possible explanations for the disappearance of the girls.</p><br>
<p>As a result of the increased interest, the deleted final chapter of the novel was finally published in 1987 as The Secret of Hanging Rock.</p><br>
<h2>Concert venue</h2><br>
<p>Hanging Rock reserve is currently used as an occasional outdoor concert venue by major international acts on the Australian leg of their tours.</p><br>
<p>The following events have taken place at Hanging Rock as part of a trial by Frontier Touring and the Macedon Ranges Shire Council:</p><br>
<p>Leonard Cohen – November 2010</p><br>
<p>Rod Stewart – February 2012</p><br>
<p>Bruce Springsteen – March 2013 (Wrecking Ball tour)</p><br>
<p>In 2014 the Rolling Stones were scheduled to play a night concert (30 March) at Hanging Rock as part of their "14 On Fire" tour. The death of Mick Jaggers partner, LWren Scott, resulted in the postponement of the entire tour. The tour was rescheduled and resumed in Adelaide on October 25, 2014. The Hanging Rock concert was rescheduled to take place on Saturday, November 8, 2014, but Rolling Stones lead Mick Jagger cancelled the concert due to a throat infection.</p><br>
<p>In October 2013 Frontier Touring signed a five-year agreement with the Macedon Ranges Shire Council to hold up to four concerts per year at Hanging Rock, effective from 31 October 2014.</p><br>
<p>Subsequent concerts have been:</p><br>
<p>The Eagles – February 2015 (History of the Eagles)</p><br>
<p>Rod Stewart – March 2015</p><br>
<p>Cold Chisel – November 2015</p><br>
<p>Ed Sheeran – February 2017</p><br>
<p>Bruce Springsteen – February 2017</p><br>
<p>Butchers Hill is a neighborhood in Southeast Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is north of Fells Point, east of Washington Hill, and northwest of Patterson Park. It is south of Fayette Street, west of Patterson Park Avenue, north of Pratt Street, and east of Washington Street. It is in the 21231 zip code.</p><br>
<p>As its name suggests, Butchers Hill was once home to butchers and poultry preparers, many who were German American and Jewish American. It was a village prior to the Civil War. Although today it is considered to be less affluent than Fells Point, it was once the more prosperous community of the two. This is reflected in the larger size of the rowhouses. Butchers Hill is in proximity to more gentrified sections of Fells Point, the draw of Patterson Park, and the employment center on Johns Hopkins Hospital. Many artists reside in the neighborhood. A portion of it is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>This area has recently seen a lot of renovations and urban development and is improving quite a bit.</p><br>
<p>Laura Lippman&#39;s novel Butchers Hill tells the story of a private investigator working in this part of Baltimore.</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>As of the census of 2010, there were 1,967 people residing in the neighborhood. The racial makeup of Butchers Hill was 51.9% White, 25.4% African American, 3.3% Native American, 2.6% Asian, 3.4% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 16.7% of the population. 43.6% of occupied housing units were owner-occupied. 24.6% of housing units were vacant. Butchers Hill is a popular neighborhood for students from the nearby Johns Hopkins medical campus.</p><br>
<p>74.6% of the population were employed, 2.3% were unemployed, and 23.1% were not in the labor force. The median household income was $36,636. About 23.9% of families and 23.5% of the population were below the poverty line.</p><br>
<p>Butchers Hill is home to many Irish-Americans, Polish-Americans, and Ukrainian-Americans, as well as African-Americans, Lumbee Native Americans, and a growing Hispanic and Latino population.</p><br>
<p>The Rheinwaldhorn  is the highest point in the Swiss canton of Ticino at 3,402 metres above sea level. It lies on the border between the cantons of Graubünden and Ticino, in the Adula massif, part of the St. Gotthard massif of the Lepontine Alps in southern Switzerland.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is known under different names, Rheinwaldhorn, Adula or Piz Valrhein. The group of the snowy peaks lying between the two principal branches of the Rhine were known in the Middle Ages by the names Mons Aquila or Mons Avium. From the Romansh form of the first comes the name Adula, which is used to designate the north-eastern portion of the Lepontine Alps. The German name "Rheinwaldhorn" comes from the Rheinwald region.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Rheinwaldhorn is the culminating point of the eastern portion of the Lepontine Alps and the Adula group. In this area, the watershed between the Rhine and the Po river has no determinate direction, and exhibits a dislocated appearance. The peaks of the Adula form an irregular group, all the highest lying in a cluster not more five kilometres distant from the centre, which may be fixed as the foot of the Rheinwald Glacier. From the central group a considerable range extends due south more than 15 kilometres, between Val Blenio and Val Calanca, gradually diminishing in height. A parallel ridge connected with the main massif divides the Val Calanca from Val Mesocco; it surpasses but in few points the height of 9,000 feet. The northern ridge, longer but less regular than the first-mentioned, extends fully 20 kilometres, from the central group to the Piz Nadils over Sumvitg in the valley of the Vorderrhein.</p><br>
<p>Politically, the summit of the Rheinwaldhorn is split between two cantons and three municipalities. On the west side is the municipality of Blenio (Ticino) and on the east side are the municipalities of Vals and Hinterrhein (Graubünden).</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The summit of the Rheinwaldhorn was first reached in 1789 by Placidus a Spescha. For seventy years no attempts seems to have been made to repeat the ascent. In 1859, Weilenmann reached the summit alone. The next and third recorded ascent was made in 1861 by Coaz (a topographer who made the first ascent of Piz Bernina), with three companions, and a chamois-hunter named Peter Anton Jellier, of Vals. Coaz gave an account of the expedition in the Jahresbericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft Graubünden. Sleeping at the Zapport Alps, they mounted to the spot named Paradies, located below the Paradies Glacier. A faint sheep-tract was followed for some distance: they then took to the glacier, but after some time returned to its southern bank. The first stage of the ascent was completed when they gained the col (Lenta Pass) in the ridge between the Rheinwaldhorn and Güferhorn. From thence the way lay along the arête. This was very narrow, and in some places difficult, where steep rocks projected through the névé. After overcoming the rocks, the travellers found the ridge wider, but also much steeper than below, and to reach the highest point it was necessary to wind round the north side of the peak, so that the final climb was made from the north-west. The summit is a ridge about 200 feet long, running from north to south, and in one part bare of snow. Here in the two following ascents were found some remains of the cairn erected there seventy years before by Placidus a Spescha.</p><br>
<p>The peaks of the Adula group had not been frequented by foreign travellers until 1863, when Morshead made the first ascent of the Vogelberg. In the following year Freshfield, with two friends, reached the summit of the Rheinwaldhorn from the side of the Lenta Glacier, striking the shoulder of the peak above the lowest point in the ridge connecting it with the Güferhorn.</p><br>
<p>The first winter solo ascent was made by Daniele Gianora in 1942.</p><br>
<p>Surprise Valley is a valley in California, about 60 miles in length from north to south. Locals refer to the area as the Tricorner Region because of the region&#39;s location at the intersection of California, Oregon, and Nevada state lines. The valley is east of the Modoc County seat of Alturas. The area is part of the Great Basin which extends across most of the northern half of Nevada.</p><br>
<h2>Terrain</h2><br>
<p>Most of the valley is over 4,000 feet above mean sea level (AMSL), and could be characterized as a high altitude desert valley. A series of alkaline lakes occupy low-lying areas. Forested mountains mark the west side of the valley. The Hays Canyon Range, (mostly east of the Nevada state line) is to the east, and the Warner Mountains border the west. The valley is considered part of the Great Basin, a desert region roughly covering the geographic majority of Nevada and extending into Utah; also regions of southeast Oregon, and southern California, in the east.</p><br>
<p>Communities in Surprise Valley include Eagleville (ZIP Code 96110), Cedarville (96104), Lake City (96115), and Fort Bidwell (96112).</p><br>
<h2>Visiting</h2><br>
<p>Most of the land west of the main north-south highway, Surprise Valley Road, is US Forest Service land. To the east of the road, most land is owned by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). Recreational facilities on BLM lands tie in with the US Fish and Wildlife Service, Sheldon National Wildlife Refuge, Nevada (formerly called Sheldon Antelope Refuge). Over the region, opportunities for hiking, exploring dirt roads, birding, stalking antelope with cameras, fishing, camping, and mountain biking are available. Big game and bird hunting is popular among some area visitors. A BLM brochure warns, "Snowstorms occasionally strand travelers. May and June snowstorms are not uncommon." There are hot springs and abandoned mine shafts throughout the region.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>A gas station exists in Cedarville but hours for this facility may be shorter than expected.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Pass on State Route 299 is the main east-west road connecting the area with California and the county seat, Alturas. State Route 447 allows passage toward Reno, Nevada via the Black Rock Desert community of Gerlach, Nevada. It is about 152 miles from Cedarville to Reno via this route.</p><br>
<p>A segment of the Applegate-Lassen Route, a Nineteenth Century pioneer wagon route to the area, crosses the valley diagonally from north of State Route 299 to Fandango Pass. The route is also known as the California National Historic Trail.</p><br>
<p>Other roads out of the valley are unpaved. Because of its location along the Nevada state line, it is normal to see patrol cars from the Nevada Highway Patrol and the Washoe County Sheriff&#39;s Department transiting the area.</p><br>
<h2>Telecommunications</h2><br>
<p>Wired telephone service in this part of area code 530 appears to work out of a single central office and is provided by Frontier Communications. There is wireless service to some areas of the valley. This is a remote area and services that people from cities expect are sometimes degraded, expensive, or unavailable. The valley is one of the last places in California where Department of Transportation (Caltrans) highway workers have no radio communications coverage. California Highway Patrol radios were mostly useless in the area until the 1980s installation of a remote-controlled base station intended to cover the valley. The unvoted base station works over a 76 MHz link to establish radio connectivity from the Highway Patrol&#39;s command center to this remote area.</p><br>
<h2>Indian tribal governments</h2><br>
<p>There are two sovereign tribal governments in the valley: The Cedarville Rancheria and the Fort Bidwell Indian Community of the Fort Bidwell Reservation of California. The Cedarville Rancheria is a Paiute community on the southwest edge of Cedarville; it is led by Chairwoman Virginia Lash. The larger Fort Bidwell Paiute community is located at the Fort Bidwell Reservation to the north, and is led by Chairman Aaron Townsend.</p><br>
<h2>Special districts</h2><br>
<p>The area is entirely inside the Modoc County Air Pollution Control District. It is served by K-through-12 provider Surprise Valley Joint Unified School District headquartered in Cedarville. The Surprise Valley Hospital District, also known as Surprise Valley Healthcare District, operates a hospital in Cedarville. Cedarville Water District exists in Cedarville.</p><br>
<p>Aurora Reservoir is a 31,650 acre.foot reservoir located in the far southeastern reach of Aurora, Colorado. Senac Creek and other minor streams flow into the reservoir&#39;s three coves, Senac, Marina and Lone Tree, each pointing to the south. The reservoir provides drinking water to the City of Aurora, and is also a recreation area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Filled in 1990, the reservoir provides drinking water for the City of Aurora, which it also uses as a recreational facility. Miles of undeveloped prairie originally separated the reservoir from the citys neighborhoods, and its location has been referred to as "Auroras Outback". However, over 3,500 new homes in the two new suburban communities, Beacon Point and Southshore are currently under construction immediately southwest of the reservoir, in addition to much other development in the area including the Southlands Lifestyle Center (approx 2 mi west of the reservoir), Cherokee Trail High School and Fox Ridge Middle School (1/2 mile southwest) and thousands of other homes in the vicinity.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation</h2><br>
<p>The rapid Southeastern expansion of the Denver–Aurora Metropolitan Area has greatly increased attendance and awareness of the reservoir. Many recreational opportunities exist at Aurora Reservoir. There is a small swim beach open seasonally, boat dock, rental equipment shack, 8.5 mi jogging/biking trail, designated SCUBA diving beach/area in water, and many opportunities for fishermen. In order to protect the purity of the water, only electric boats are allowed, thus limiting full recreational use of the reservoir. Surprisingly, the reservoir is also a relatively popular diving site, largely due to the separate SCUBA beach and designated area in the far Northeastern corner of the lake and also because of a Cessna 310, deliberately sunk in 1994 as a diving attraction, visible at only 30 ft below the surface. Not surprisingly, it is a popular location for local SCUBA centers to take dive students for their open-water certification. More recently, the reservoir has also become a reputable fishing spot mainly for Trout, Walleye and Catfish, and has truly been in the limelight lately regarding the record for largest catfish caught in Colorado being set at the reservoir in October 2010. The reservoir also hosts a number of community events throughout the year including triathlons, sailing camps, and other local functions.</p><br>
<p>Savu  is the largest of a group of three islands, situated midway between Sumba and Rote, west of Timor, in Indonesia&#39;s eastern province, East Nusa Tenggara. Ferries connect the islands to Waingapu, on Sumba, and Kupang, in West Timor. It is also possible to fly to Savu from Kupang.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Savu Islands (Indonesian: Kepulauan Sawu) include Rai Hawu (or Savu), Rai Jua and Rai Dana. The three islands are fringed by coral reefs and sandy beaches. Rai Hawu is the principal island. Rai Jua is a smaller island west of Rai Hawu. Rai Dana is a small, uninhabited island, situated 30 km south-west of Rai Jua. From April to October, deep ocean swells pound the southern coastlines.</p><br>
<p>The land is covered for the most part by grassland and palms. The climate is dry for much of the year because of the hot winds which blow from Australia. The main rains fall between November and March. Between 82% and 94% of all rain falls during the west monsoon with little or no rain falling between August and October. The mean annual rainfall for Savu Island is 1,019 mm. During the dry season many streams run dry and local inhabitants must depend on wells for their water supplies.</p><br>
<h2>Vulcanism</h2><br>
<p>The Savu Islands are situated in a tectonic subduction zone, where the Indo-Australian Plate is moving northward, sliding under the Eurasian Plate. The islands lie on a ridge that was created by volcanic eruptions caused by the plate movement. Sediments carried into the Earth&#39;s crust heat up and rise in plumes of magma, which cool and solidify to form igneous rock. The Sumba Ridge is no longer volcanically active, however there are active volcanoes on the island of Flores, to the north.</p><br>
<p>The compression of the two tectonic plates is causing the Savu Islands to rise at a rate of about 1 mm per year. Occasionally, however, the tectonic plate suddenly slips a much greater distance, resulting in an earthquake. The 8.3 Sumba earthquake struck 280 km W/SW of Raijua in August 1977. The shock triggered a destructive tsunami which swept across the coastal plain at Seba, reaching as high as the airport. No one was reported missing on Savu or Rai Jua. However, on the neighbouring islands of Sumba and Sumbawa, the death toll reached 180. showing major earthquakes in East Nusa Tenggara between 1970 and 2005 (requires Flash Player).</p><br>
<h2>Society</h2><br>
<p>The population is 91,870 (2009 estimate). Savu has strong historical ties with Hinduism in Java and the people consider themselves of Hindu origin. The society still performs traditional animistic beliefs, known as Djingi Tiu. Dutch missionaries introduced Protestantism which remains on the islands today.</p><br>
<p>Savunese have a traditional greeting, it is done by pressing one&#39;s nose (at the same time) to another person at an encounter.</p><br>
<p>It is used in all meetings among Savu&#39;s people and on major ceremonies and serves a similar purpose to a formal handshake in modern western culture, and indeed a it is often used in conjunction with one. Similar to Hongi in New Zealand.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>The group of three islands were formed (in 2008) into the Sabu Raijua Regency within East Nusa Tenggara province.</p><br>
<h2>Agriculture</h2><br>
<p>Savunese culture is ecologically fitting for such an arid environment. The traditional clan agreements on land control and water distribution ensure that the land is carefully managed and not over exploited. Their gardens form a well structured ecology, emulating a tropical forest with diverse species of trees and shade plants.</p><br>
<p>Agricultural production on Savu includes corn, rice, roots, beans, livestock (meat/milk) and seaweed, which was introduced by Japanese interests, in the early 1990s. Pigs, goats and chickens are commonplace in the villages. Those farmers who depend on mixed crop gardens or on mung bean fields are generally better able to manage during times of poor rain but are seemingly less successful when the rains are good. Corn, as a single crop, remains the predominant staple on Savu, though most farmers try to plant several different fields to increase their chances of at least one successful harvest. Cotton is the main crop on Rai Jua, where the standard of living is below that of Savu. It is used to make traditional textiles. Corn is planted in late November, December or early January and harvested from February through to March; rice and also mung beans are planted later, usually in January, after soils are well saturated with rain. In El Niño years, farmers are frequently misled by initial rains, which offer promise but then cease. Most farmers keep some seed reserves if they are forced to plant a second time during the wet season. Rarely do farmers have sufficient seed reserves for a third attempt at planting and by the time such a third planting seems necessary, there is little likelihood of success. By mid-March the rains begin to diminish and it is no longer possible to plant corn with any expectation of a good harvest.</p><br>
<p>Prior to the corn harvest, the poorer segments of the population survive on reserve foods, primarily cassava, some sweet potato, forest yams and sugar supplies from tapping lontar palms. This period is known as the time of "ordinary hunger". However, during periods of drought, when the planting and subsequent harvest of the corn crop is delayed, the period of ordinary hunger is extended and "ordinary hunger" becomes "extraordinary hunger". Most families manage on one meager meal a day. Livestock, suffering from the same conditions as the human population, are consumed or sold to buy emergency foods. People turn to green papaya, eaten as a vegetable, and tamarind seeds. In the dry season, drinking water becomes difficult to obtain and is often polluted by animals seeking water. Women and younger girls spend more time than ever carrying water for their families. A strong indicator of the "extraordinary hunger" period is a sharp increase in gastro-intestinal diseases. Children are particularly vulnerable.</p><br>
<h2>Sawu Marine National Park</h2><br>
<p>According to Keputusan Menteri Kelautan dan Perikanan Nomor: 38 tahun 2009 tgl 18 Mei 2009, Marine National Park (MMAF) Laut Sawu is established with MPA Code: 75 and Area Wide: 3,521,130.01 hectares which consists of: 567.170 hectares Marines of Sumba Regency, West Sumba Regency, Central Sumba Regency, Southwest Sumba Regency, Manggarai Regency, West Manggarai Regency and Marine areas of Timor-Rote-Sabu-Batek with 2,95 million hectares in East Sumba Regency, Rote Ndao Regency, Kupang Regency, South Central Timor Regency and City of Kupang.</p><br>
<p>In this park there are 63,339,32 hectares coral reefs with 500 species of corals, 5,019.53 hectares of mangroves, 5,320.62 hectares of sea grass beds, and 1,769.1 hectares of estuaries. Five of six turtle species in the world are also can be found in Sawu Sea ecosystem, as well as 30 species of marine mammals (whales and dolphins), including the endangered sperm whale and blue whale which these types of mammal are easy to find in the area and are pelagic and demersal species.</p><br>
<h2>Early European contact</h2><br>
<p>Initial contact was with the Dutch Vereenigde Oost-Indische Companie in 1648. References to Savu from the period invariably concern Savunese soldiers, mercenaries or slaves. In 1674, the crew of a Dutch sloop were massacred in East Savu, after their vessel ran aground. The Dutch responded by forming an alliance with the raja of Seba, so troops could be sent in to retaliate. However, they failed to enter the fortress of Hurati, in B&#39;olou Village of Eastern Savu, as it was ringed by three defensive walls. To save face, the Dutch force accepted payment in the form of slaves, gold and beads.</p><br>
<p>In 1770, Captain James Cook visited Savu, staying three days before continuing on to Batavia. It was the first European voyage to have scientists on board. During the three-year expedition, botanists Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander collected over three thousand five hundred plant species along with specimens of animals, minerals and ethnographic materials that on their return fascinated Europeans. Cook&#39;s visit to Savu was brief and, though he and Joseph Banks produced detailed records of the island and its people, their accounts were based for the most part on information provided by Mr Lange, the German representative of the Dutch East India Company, who was stationed on Savu at the time.</p><br>
<p>Idse is an island in Strand municipality in Rogaland county, Norway. The 4.9 km&sup2; island lies between the Idsefjorden and Høgsfjorden, about 6.5 km west of the town of Jørpeland. The island of Idsal lies immediately to the south and the island of Heng lies a short distance to the north of Idse. There is a bridge connecting Idse to neighboring Idsal, which in turn is connected to the mainland.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>There are about 40 farms on the south and east sides of the island, but in recent years there has been a significant decline with only three active dairy farmers remaining. The other farms grow potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, blueberries, and Christmas trees. The north and west sides of the island are more hilly and forested and that area is populated with many holiday cabins. At Tangane and Kjeksevåg, there are cabins that date back to the 1940s. There were families from the London area who fled the city during World War II and built cottages on Idse. In recent years, the cottage development has been very expansive, which probably has to do with good location near the cities of Stavanger and Sandnes. There are currently between 300 and 400 condos on the island. Historically, there was a grocery store and post office on the pier at Idse, but both are now closed. In 1917, a telephone line was built between Jørpeland and Idse.</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Tore Thorsen Idsøe, founder of the renowned butcher shop A. Idsøe Holding, was born in 1796 in Idse. He was married in 1826 with Siri Ådnesdatter Selvik, born 1802 at Selvik in Høle. The business they established in 1828 is currently Stavangers oldest firm. It is commonly considered one of Stavangers better</p><br>
<p>butcher shops and meat markets.</p><br>
